# 3.3 Projectile motion  (Page 4/16)

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$h=\frac{{v}_{0y}^{2}}{2g}\text{.}$

This equation defines the maximum height of a projectile and depends only on the vertical component of the initial velocity.

## Defining a coordinate system

It is important to set up a coordinate system when analyzing projectile motion. One part of defining the coordinate system is to define an origin for the $x$ and $y$ positions. Often, it is convenient to choose the initial position of the object as the origin such that ${x}_{0}=0$ and ${y}_{0}=0$ . It is also important to define the positive and negative directions in the $x$ and $y$ directions. Typically, we define the positive vertical direction as upwards, and the positive horizontal direction is usually the direction of the object’s motion. When this is the case, the vertical acceleration, $g$ , takes a negative value (since it is directed downwards towards the Earth). However, it is occasionally useful to define the coordinates differently. For example, if you are analyzing the motion of a ball thrown downwards from the top of a cliff, it may make sense to define the positive direction downwards since the motion of the ball is solely in the downwards direction. If this is the case, $g$ takes a positive value.

## Calculating projectile motion: hot rock projectile

Kilauea in Hawaii is the world’s most continuously active volcano. Very active volcanoes characteristically eject red-hot rocks and lava rather than smoke and ash. Suppose a large rock is ejected from the volcano with a speed of 25.0 m/s and at an angle $\text{35.0º}$ above the horizontal, as shown in [link] . The rock strikes the side of the volcano at an altitude 20.0 m lower than its starting point. (a) Calculate the time it takes the rock to follow this path. (b) What are the magnitude and direction of the rock’s velocity at impact?

Strategy

Again, resolving this two-dimensional motion into two independent one-dimensional motions will allow us to solve for the desired quantities. The time a projectile is in the air is governed by its vertical motion alone. We will solve for $t$ first. While the rock is rising and falling vertically, the horizontal motion continues at a constant velocity. This example asks for the final velocity. Thus, the vertical and horizontal results will be recombined to obtain $v$ and ${\theta }_{v}$ at the final time $t$ determined in the first part of the example.

Solution for (a)

While the rock is in the air, it rises and then falls to a final position 20.0 m lower than its starting altitude. We can find the time for this by using

$y={y}_{0}+{v}_{0y}t-\frac{1}{2}{\text{gt}}^{2}\text{.}$

If we take the initial position ${y}_{0}$ to be zero, then the final position is $y=-\text{20}\text{.0 m}\text{.}$ Now the initial vertical velocity is the vertical component of the initial velocity, found from ${v}_{0y}={v}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\theta }_{0}$ = ( )( $\text{sin 35.0º}$ ) = . Substituting known values yields

$-\text{20}\text{.}0 m\text{}=\left(\text{14}\text{.}3 m/s\text{}\right)t-\left(4\text{.}\text{90 m/s}{\text{}}^{2}\right){t}^{2}\text{.}$

Rearranging terms gives a quadratic equation in $t$ :

$\left(4\text{.}\text{90 m/s}{\text{}}^{2}\right){t}^{2}-\left(\text{14}\text{.}\text{3 m/s}\right)t-\left(\text{20.0 m}\right)=0.$

This expression is a quadratic equation of the form ${\mathrm{at}}^{2}+\mathrm{bt}+c=0$ , where the constants are $a=4.90$ , $b=–14.3$ , and $c=–20.0.$ Its solutions are given by the quadratic formula:

a perfect square v²+2v+_
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