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Barcelona in the northeast This remained as an independent area.

Aragon and Navarre in the middle north The Basques of Navarre expanded both at the expense of Christian Leon and the Omayyads, but late in the century when the Arab emirate of Seville broke the Berber hold on the south and pushed northward and the new Kingdom of Leon and Castile again expanded on the western border, Navarre was more or less forced to join Aragon for self defense (A.D. 1076) (Ref. 137 )

Portugal

Portugal began its separate existence as a fief under Count Henry of Burgundy, when the area was given to him by Alfonso VI after it had been retrieved from the Moors.

France

Paris, as a city of philosophers, had become the center of learning in Europe.

The University of Paris was an outgrowth of the cathedral school of Notre Dame. At the same time the Jews of the cities of France, as well as Germany, established academies which developed the Ashkenazic Culture. The missionary zeal of the Crusaders in 1096, however, was turned on the Jews and they were killed or banished to ghettos.

In typical feudal style France became divided into seven main principalities, each ruled by counts or dukes and Normandy was one of the greatest of these. The Vikings had become French in speech and laws and as a race of "hybrid vigor"

A term used by McEvedy (Ref. 137 , page 60) referring to the Norman-Frank mixture
these Normans administered the best province in Europe. William the Conqueror, contemporarily called "the Bastard", became chief of the Normans and in the last half of the century invaded England, since by marriage he could be considered heir to the English throne. (Ref. 49 , 137 ) Another province, Burgundy, had as its last independent king, Rudolph II, who made Henry of Bavaria his heir. (Ref. 222 )

With initial support of Normandy, the original Capetian line continued with Henri I as official king of France from 1031 to 1060. He was an active ruler, although illiterate, and he married the well-educated, cultured Anna Yaroslavna, daughter of the Duke of Kiev

Anna brought with her from Kiev the missal on which all subsequent kings of France swore their coronation oaths but none of the Catholic priests could read the Slavonic inscriptions there-on. It was not translated until Peter the Great of Russia visited there in 1717
, possibly with an eye to helping the sliding Capetian fortunes. Upon Henri's death in 1060 Philip I became the monarch over the entire feudal realm, but as was inherent in this organization, his power was chiefly in name only. Philip was excommunicated in 1095 by Pope Urban II for adultery. The idea of knighthood spread in this century from France to the other European areas of England, Germany and Spain. An uninterrupted food supply continued to be a critical issue and France had 26 general famines in this single century. (Ref. 222 , 260 )

The netherlands and belgium

Upon the break-up of Charlemagne's empire the Netherlands had originally fallen to the Duchy of Lower Lorraine, but this again split into smaller feudal states.

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Source:  OpenStax, A comprehensive outline of world history. OpenStax CNX. Nov 30, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10595/1.3
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