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  • Derive expressions for total capacitance in series and in parallel.
  • Identify series and parallel parts in the combination of connection of capacitors.
  • Calculate the effective capacitance in series and parallel given individual capacitances.

Several capacitors may be connected together in a variety of applications. Multiple connections of capacitors act like a single equivalent capacitor. The total capacitance of this equivalent single capacitor depends both on the individual capacitors and how they are connected. There are two simple and common types of connections, called series and parallel , for which we can easily calculate the total capacitance. Certain more complicated connections can also be related to combinations of series and parallel.

Capacitance in series

[link] (a) shows a series connection of three capacitors with a voltage applied. As for any capacitor, the capacitance of the combination is related to charge and voltage by C = Q V size 12{C= { {Q} over {V} } } {} .

Note in [link] that opposite charges of magnitude Q size 12{Q} {} flow to either side of the originally uncharged combination of capacitors when the voltage V size 12{V} {} is applied. Conservation of charge requires that equal-magnitude charges be created on the plates of the individual capacitors, since charge is only being separated in these originally neutral devices. The end result is that the combination resembles a single capacitor with an effective plate separation greater than that of the individual capacitors alone. (See [link] (b).) Larger plate separation means smaller capacitance. It is a general feature of series connections of capacitors that the total capacitance is less than any of the individual capacitances.

When capacitors are connected in series, an equivalent capacitor would have a plate separation that is greater than that of any individual capacitor. Hence the series connections produce a resultant capacitance less than that of the individual capacitors.
(a) Capacitors connected in series. The magnitude of the charge on each plate is Q . (b) An equivalent capacitor has a larger plate separation d size 12{d} {} . Series connections produce a total capacitance that is less than that of any of the individual capacitors.

We can find an expression for the total capacitance by considering the voltage across the individual capacitors shown in [link] . Solving C = Q V size 12{C= { {Q} over {V} } } {} for V size 12{V} {} gives V = Q C size 12{V= { {Q} over {C} } } {} . The voltages across the individual capacitors are thus V 1 = Q C 1 size 12{ {V} rSub { size 8{1} } = { {Q} over { {C} rSub { size 8{1} } } } } {} , V 2 = Q C 2 size 12{ {V} rSub { size 8{2} } = { {Q} over { {C} rSub { size 8{2} } } } } {} , and V 3 = Q C 3 size 12{ {V} rSub { size 8{3} } = { {Q} over { {C} rSub { size 8{3} } } } } {} . The total voltage is the sum of the individual voltages:

V = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 . size 12{V= {V} rSub { size 8{1} } + {V} rSub { size 8{2} } + {V} rSub { size 8{3} } } {}

Now, calling the total capacitance C S size 12{C rSub { size 8{S} } } {} for series capacitance, consider that

V = Q C S = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 . size 12{V= { {Q} over { {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } } = {V} rSub { size 8{1} } + {V} rSub { size 8{2} } + {V} rSub { size 8{3} } } {}

Entering the expressions for V 1 size 12{V rSub { size 8{1} } } {} , V 2 size 12{V rSub { size 8{2} } } {} , and V 3 size 12{V rSub { size 8{3} } } {} , we get

Q C S = Q C 1 + Q C 2 + Q C 3 . size 12{ { {Q} over { {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } } = { {Q} over { {C} rSub { size 8{1} } } } + { {Q} over { {C} rSub { size 8{2} } } } + { {Q} over { {C} rSub { size 8{3} } } } } {}

Canceling the Q size 12{Q} {} s, we obtain the equation for the total capacitance in series C S size 12{ {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } {} to be

1 C S = 1 C 1 + 1 C 2 + 1 C 3 + . . . , size 12{ { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } } = { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{1} } } } + { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{2} } } } + { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{3} } } } + "." "." "." } {}

where “...” indicates that the expression is valid for any number of capacitors connected in series. An expression of this form always results in a total capacitance C S size 12{ {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } {} that is less than any of the individual capacitances C 1 size 12{ {C} rSub { size 8{1} } } {} , C 2 size 12{ {C} rSub { size 8{2} } } {} , ..., as the next example illustrates.

Total capacitance in series, C s size 12{ {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } {}

Total capacitance in series: 1 C S = 1 C 1 + 1 C 2 + 1 C 3 + . . . size 12{ { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } } = { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{1} } } } + { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{2} } } } + { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{3} } } } + "." "." "." } {}

What is the series capacitance?

Find the total capacitance for three capacitors connected in series, given their individual capacitances are 1.000, 5.000, and 8.000 µF size 12{mF} {} .

Strategy

With the given information, the total capacitance can be found using the equation for capacitance in series.

Solution

Entering the given capacitances into the expression for 1 C S size 12{ { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } } } {} gives 1 C S = 1 C 1 + 1 C 2 + 1 C 3 size 12{ { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } } = { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{1} } } } + { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{2} } } } + { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{3} } } } } {} .

1 C S = 1 1 . 000 µF + 1 5 . 000 µF + 1 8 . 000 µF = 1 . 325 µF size 12{ { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } } = { {1} over {1 "." "00" mF} } + { {1} over {5 "." "00" mF} } + { {1} over {8 "." "00" mF} } = { {1 "." "325"} over {mF} } } {}

Inverting to find C S size 12{C rSub { size 8{S} } } {} yields {} C S = µF 1 . 325 = 0 . 755 µF size 12{ {C} rSub { size 8{S} } = { {mF} over {1 "." "325"} } =0 "." "755" mF} {} .

Discussion

The total series capacitance C s size 12{ {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } {} is less than the smallest individual capacitance, as promised. In series connections of capacitors, the sum is less than the parts. In fact, it is less than any individual. Note that it is sometimes possible, and more convenient, to solve an equation like the above by finding the least common denominator, which in this case (showing only whole-number calculations) is 40. Thus,

1 C S = 40 40 µF + 8 40 µF + 5 40 µF = 53 40 µF , size 12{ { {1} over { {C} rSub { size 8{S} } } } = { {"40"} over {"40" mF} } + { {8} over {"40" mF} } + { {5} over {"40" mF} } = { {"53"} over {"40" mF} } } {}

so that

C S = 40 µF 53 = 0 . 755 µF . size 12{ {C} rSub { size 8{S} } = { {"40" µF} over {"53"} } =0 "." "755" µF} {}

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Source:  OpenStax, College physics ii. OpenStax CNX. Nov 29, 2012 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11458/1.2
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