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- Conditional independence, given
- Problems on conditional independence
The transition matrix
P for a homogeneous Markov chain is as follows (in
m-file
npr16_08.m ):
- Note that the chain has two subchains, with states
and
. Draw a transition diagram to display the two separate chains. Can
any state in one subchain be reached from any state in the other?
- Check the convergence as in part (a) of
[link] . What happens
to the state probabilities for states 6 and 7 in the long run? What does thatsignify for these states? Can these states be reached from any state in either
of the subchains? How would you classify these states?
Increasing power
P
n show the probability of being in states 6, 7 go to zero.
These states cannot be reached from any of the other states.
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The transition matrix
P for a homogeneous Markov chain is as follows (in
m-file
npr16_09.m ):
- Check the transition matrix
P for convergence, as in part (a) of
[link] . How many steps does it take to reach convergence to four or more
decimal places? Does this agree with the theoretical result?
- Examine the long run transition matrix. Identify transient states.
- The convergence does not make all rows the same. Note, however, that
there are two subgroups of similar rows. Rearrange rows and columns in the longrun Matrix so that identical rows are grouped. This suggests subchains. Rearrange
the rows and columns in the transition matrix
P and see that this gives a
pattern similar to that for the matrix in
[link] . Raise the rearranged
transition matrix to the power for convergence.
Examination of
P
16 suggests sets
and
of states
form subchains. Rearrangement of
P may be done as follows:
PA = P([2 7 3 4 6 1 5], [2 7 3 4 6 1 5])
PA =0.6000 0.4000 0 0 0 0 0
0.5000 0.5000 0 0 0 0 00 0 0.2000 0.5000 0.3000 0 0
0 0 0.6000 0.1000 0.3000 0 00 0 0.2000 0.7000 0.1000 0 0
0.2000 0.1000 0.1000 0.3000 0 0.1000 0.20000.2000 0.2000 0.1000 0.2000 0.1000 0.2000 0
PA16 = PA^16PA16 =
0.5556 0.4444 0 0 0 0 00.5556 0.4444 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.3571 0.3929 0.2500 0 00 0 0.3571 0.3929 0.2500 0 0
0 0 0.3571 0.3929 0.2500 0 00.2455 0.1964 0.1993 0.2193 0.1395 0.0000 0.0000
0.2713 0.2171 0.1827 0.2010 0.1279 0.0000 0.0000
It is clear that original states 1 and 5 are transient.
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Use the m-procedure inventory1 (in m-file
inventory1.m ) to obtain
the transition matrix for maximum stock
reorder point
, and demand
Poisson(4).
- Suppose initial stock is six. What will the distribution for
X
n ,
(i.e., the stock at the end of periods 1, 3, 5, before restocking)?
- What will the long run distribution be?
inventory1
Enter value M of maximum stock 8Enter value m of reorder point 3
Enter row vector of demand values 0:20Enter demand probabilities ipoisson(4,0:20)
Result is in matrix Pp0 = [0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0];p1 = p0*P
p1 =Columns 1 through 7
0.2149 0.1563 0.1954 0.1954 0.1465 0.0733 0.0183Columns 8 through 9
0 0p3 = p0*P^3
p3 =Columns 1 through 7
0.2494 0.1115 0.1258 0.1338 0.1331 0.1165 0.0812Columns 8 through 9
0.0391 0.0096p5 = p0*P^5
p5 =Columns 1 through 7
0.2598 0.1124 0.1246 0.1311 0.1300 0.1142 0.0799Columns 8 through 9
0.0386 0.0095a = abs(eig(P))'
a =Columns 1 through 7
1.0000 0.4427 0.1979 0.0284 0.0058 0.0005 0.0000Columns 8 through 9
0.0000 0.0000a(2)^16
ans =2.1759e-06 % Convergence to at least five decimals for P^16
pinf = p0*P^16 % Use arbitrary p0, pinf approx p0*P^16pinf = Columns 1 through 7
0.2622 0.1132 0.1251 0.1310 0.1292 0.1130 0.0789Columns 8 through 9
0.0380 0.0093
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Source:
OpenStax, Applied probability. OpenStax CNX. Aug 31, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10708/1.6
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