# 1.3 Levels of measurement  (Page 2/14)

 Page 2 / 14

The data can be put in order from lowest to highest: 20, 68, 80, 92.

The differences between the data have meaning. The score 92 is more than the score 68 by 24 points. Ratios can be calculated. The smallest score is 0. So 80 is four times 20. The score of 80 is four times better than the score of 20.

## Frequency

Twenty students were asked how many hours they worked per day. Their responses, in hours, are as follows:

• 5
• 6
• 3
• 3
• 2
• 4
• 7
• 5
• 2
• 3
• 5
• 6
• 5
• 4
• 4
• 3
• 5
• 2
• 5
• 3
.

[link] lists the different data values in ascending order and their frequencies.

Frequency table of student work hours
DATA VALUE FREQUENCY
2 3
3 5
4 3
5 6
6 2
7 1

A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. According to [link] , there are three students who work two hours, five students who work three hours, and so on. The sum of the values in the frequency column, 20, represents the total number of students included in the sample.

A relative frequency is the ratio (fraction or proportion) of the number of times a value of the data occurs in the set of all outcomes to the total number of outcomes. To find the relative frequencies, divide each frequency by the total number of students in the sample–in this case, 20. Relative frequencies can be written as fractions, percents, or decimals.

Frequency table of student work hours with relative frequencies
DATA VALUE FREQUENCY RELATIVE FREQUENCY
2 3 $\frac{3}{20}$ or 0.15
3 5 $\frac{5}{20}$ or 0.25
4 3 $\frac{3}{20}$ or 0.15
5 6 $\frac{6}{20}$ or 0.30
6 2 $\frac{2}{20}$ or 0.10
7 1 $\frac{1}{20}$ or 0.05

The sum of the values in the relative frequency column of [link] is $\frac{20}{20}$ , or 1.

Cumulative relative frequency is the accumulation of the previous relative frequencies. To find the cumulative relative frequencies, add all the previous relative frequencies tothe relative frequency for the current row, as shown in [link] .

Frequency table of student work hours with relative and cumulative relative frequencies
DATA VALUE FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY
CUMULATIVE RELATIVE
FREQUENCY
2 3 $\frac{3}{20}$ or 0.15 0.15
3 5 $\frac{5}{20}$ or 0.25 0.15 + 0.25 = 0.40
4 3 $\frac{3}{20}$ or 0.15 0.40 + 0.15 = 0.55
5 6 $\frac{6}{20}$ or 0.30 0.55 + 0.30 = 0.85
6 2 $\frac{2}{20}$ or 0.10 0.85 + 0.10 = 0.95
7 1 $\frac{1}{20}$ or 0.05 0.95 + 0.05 = 1.00

The last entry of the cumulative relative frequency column is one, indicating that one hundred percent of the data has been accumulated.

## Note

Because of rounding, the relative frequency column may not always sum to one, and the last entry in the cumulative relative frequency column may not be one. However, they each should be close to one.

[link] represents the heights, in inches, of a sample of 100 male semiprofessional soccer players.

Frequency table of soccer player height
HEIGHTS
(INCHES)
FREQUENCY RELATIVE
FREQUENCY
CUMULATIVE
RELATIVE
FREQUENCY
59.95–61.95 5 $\frac{5}{100}$ = 0.05 0.05
61.95–63.95 3 $\frac{3}{100}$ = 0.03 0.05 + 0.03 = 0.08
63.95–65.95 15 $\frac{15}{100}$ = 0.15 0.08 + 0.15 = 0.23
65.95–67.95 40 $\frac{40}{100}$ = 0.40 0.23 + 0.40 = 0.63
67.95–69.95 17 $\frac{17}{100}$ = 0.17 0.63 + 0.17 = 0.80
69.95–71.95 12 $\frac{12}{100}$ = 0.12 0.80 + 0.12 = 0.92
71.95–73.95 7 $\frac{7}{100}$ = 0.07 0.92 + 0.07 = 0.99
73.95–75.95 1 $\frac{1}{100}$ = 0.01 0.99 + 0.01 = 1.00
Total = 100 Total = 1.00

The data in this table have been grouped into the following intervals:

• 59.95 to 61.95 inches
• 61.95 to 63.95 inches
• 63.95 to 65.95 inches
• 65.95 to 67.95 inches
• 67.95 to 69.95 inches
• 69.95 to 71.95 inches
• 71.95 to 73.95 inches
• 73.95 to 75.95 inches

how do they get the third part x = (32)5/4
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20/(×-6^2)
Salomon
okay, so you have 6 raised to the power of 2. what is that part of your answer
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Salomon
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ok. so take the square root of both sides, now you have plus or minus the square root of 20= x-6
oops. ignore that.
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