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Marger, M. N. (2000). Race and ethnic relations: American and global perspectives. (5 th ed.) . Stamford, CT: Wadsworth-Thompson Learning.

McLemore, S. D. (1991). Racial and ethnic relations in America. (3 rd Ed.) Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Mizio, E. (Ed.) (1979). Puerto Rican task force report: Project on ethnicity . New York: Family Service Association of America.

Mohr, E. V. (1982). The Nuyorican experience . Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

Montalvo, F. F. (1991). Phenotyping, acculturation, and biracial assimilation of Mexican-Americans. In M. Sotomayor (Ed.), Empowering Hispanic families: A critical issue for the 90's . Milwaukee: Family Service Association of America.

Morales, R. and Bonilla, F. (Eds.) (1993). Latinos in a changing U.S. economy: Comparative perspectives on growing inequality. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Myers, J. (1990, Feb. 5). Cover story: ‘Beisbol’ captivates Caribbean. USA Today , C, 1:3.

Olson, J. S. and Olson, J. E. (1995). Cuban Americans: From trauma to triumph . New York: Twayne Publishers-An imprint of Simon and Schuster Macmillan.

Oppenheimer, A. (2001, March 14). Hispanic growth will change foreign policy, too. Houston Chronicle. A-25.

Panitz, D. R., McConchie, R. D., Sauber, S. R.,&Fonseca, J. A. (1983). The role of machismo and the Hispanic family in the etiology and treatment of alcoholism in Hispanic American males. American Journal of Family Therapy , 11(1), 31-44.

Pérez, W.,&Padilla, A. M. (2000). Cultural orientation across three generations of Hispanic adolescents. Hispanic Journal of the Behavioral Sciences , 22 (3): 390-398.

Portes, A.&Rumbaut, R. G. (1996). Immigrant America: A portrait. (2 nd ed.) . Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Rives Tobar, F. (1980). Handbook of the Puerto Rican community. New York: Arno Press.

Rodríguez, C. E. (1980). Puerto Ricans: Between Black and White. In C. Rodríguez, V. Sánchez-Korrol and J. O. Alers (Eds.), The Puerto Rican struggle: Essays on survival in the U.S. New York: Puerto Rican Migration Research Consortium, Inc.

Sánchez-Ayéndez, M. (1988). The Puerto Rican American Family. In C. Mindel, R. W. Habenstein, and R. Wright, Jr. (Eds.). Ethnic families in America: Patterns and variations (3 rd ed.), pp. 173-198. New York: Elsevier.

Schaefer, R. T. (1993). Racial and ethnic groups. (5 th ed.). New York: Harper Collins College Pub.

Schultz, T. (1961). Investment in human capital. American economic review (51) 1-17.

Smith, A. (1991). The wealth of nations . London: Everyman’s Library.

Szapocznik, J., Hernández, R. (1988). The Cuban-American Family. In C. Mindel, R. W. Habenstein, and R. Wright, Jr. (Eds.). Ethnic families in America: Patterns and variations (3 rd ed.) pp.160-172. New York: Elsevier.

Todaro, M. P. (2000). Economic development. (7 th Ed.) New York: Addison-Wesley.

Wagenheim, K. (1970). Puerto Rico: A profile. New York: Praeger Publishers.

U.S. Census Bureau, (2004). Income, poverty and health insurance coverage in the United States; 2003. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Commerce.

www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/1999/cb99-188.html

www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/1999/cb99-195.html

www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2000/cb00-38.htmlsus

www.cnn.com/US/9706/24/nicaragua

www.igc.org/cfj/about187.html

(External Link)

Yinger, J. M. (1981). “Toward a Theory of Assimilation and Dissimilation”. Ethnic and racial studies. 4: 249-264

Zastrow, C. (1992). Social problems: Issues and solutions.(3 rd ed.) . Chicago: Nelson Hall Publishers.

Héctor Luis Díaz is a professor in the Department of Social Work at the University of Texas- Pan American.

Questions & Answers

how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:  OpenStax, Immigration in the united states and spain: consideration for educational leaders. OpenStax CNX. Dec 20, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11150/1.1
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