# 0.7 Bits to symbols to signals  (Page 5/8)

 Page 5 / 8

In discrete time, cross-correlation is a function of the time shift $j$ between two sequences $w\left[k\right]$ and $v\left[k+j\right]$ :

${R}_{wv}\left(j\right)=\underset{T\to \infty }{lim}\frac{1}{T}\sum _{k=-T/2}^{T/2}w\left[k\right]v\left[k+j\right].$

For finite data records, the sum need only be accumulated over the nonzero elements, and the normalization by $1/T$ is often ignored. (This is how M atlab 's xcorr function works.) While this may look like the convolutionEquation [link] , it is not identical since the indices are different(in convolution, the index of $v\left(·\right)$ is $j-k$ instead of $k+j$ ). The operation and meaning of the two processes are also not identical:convolution represents the manner in which the impulse response of a linear system acts on its inputs to give the outputs, while cross-correlationquantifies the similarity of two signals.

In many communication systems, each message is parcelled into segments or frames, each having a predefined header.As the receiver decodes the transmitted message, it must determine where the message segments start. The followingcode simulates this in a simple setting in which the header is a predefined binary string and the data consist of a muchlonger binary string that contains the header hidden somewhere inside. After performing the correlation, the indexwith the largest value is taken as the most likely location of the header.

head=[1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1];       % header is a predefined stringloc=30; r=25;                          % place header in position loc data=[sign(randn(1,loc-1)) head sign(randn(1,r))];  % generate signal sd=0.25; data=data+sd*randn(size(data));              % add noisey=xcorr(header, data);                 % do cross correlation [m,ind]=max(y);                        % location of largest correlation headstart=length(data)-ind+1;          % place where header starts correx.m correlation can locate the header within the data (download file) 

Running correx.m results in a trio of figures much like those in [link] . (Details will differ each time it is run, because theactual “data” are randomly generated with M atlab 's randn function.) The top plot in [link] shows the 10-sample binary header. The data vector is constructed to contain l=30 data values followed by the header (with noise added), and then $\mathtt{r}=25$ more data points, for a total block of 65 points.It is plotted in the middle of [link] . Observe that it is difficult to “see” where the headerlies among the noisy data record. The correlation between the data and the header is calculatedand plotted in the bottom of [link] as a function of the lag index. The index where the correlation attains its largest valuedefines where the best match between the data and the header occurs. Most likely this will be at index ind=35 (as in [link] ). Because of the way M atlab orders its output, the calculations represent sliding the first vector (the header),term by term, across the second vector (the data). The long string of zeroes at theend Some versions of M atlab use a different convention with the xcorr command. If you find that the string of zeros occurs at the beginning, try reversingthe order of the arguments. occurs because the two vectors are of different lengths. The start of theheader is given by length(data)-ind+1 .

find the 15th term of the geometric sequince whose first is 18 and last term of 387
I know this work
salma
The given of f(x=x-2. then what is the value of this f(3) 5f(x+1)
hmm well what is the answer
Abhi
how do they get the third part x = (32)5/4
can someone help me with some logarithmic and exponential equations.
20/(×-6^2)
Salomon
okay, so you have 6 raised to the power of 2. what is that part of your answer
I don't understand what the A with approx sign and the boxed x mean
it think it's written 20/(X-6)^2 so it's 20 divided by X-6 squared
Salomon
I'm not sure why it wrote it the other way
Salomon
I got X =-6
Salomon
ok. so take the square root of both sides, now you have plus or minus the square root of 20= x-6
oops. ignore that.
so you not have an equal sign anywhere in the original equation?
hmm
Abhi
is it a question of log
Abhi
🤔.
Abhi
I rally confuse this number And equations too I need exactly help
salma
But this is not salma it's Faiza live in lousvile Ky I garbage this so I am going collage with JCTC that the of the collage thank you my friends
salma
Commplementary angles
hello
Sherica
im all ears I need to learn
Sherica
right! what he said ⤴⤴⤴
Tamia
hii
Uday
hi
salma
what is a good calculator for all algebra; would a Casio fx 260 work with all algebra equations? please name the cheapest, thanks.
a perfect square v²+2v+_
kkk nice
algebra 2 Inequalities:If equation 2 = 0 it is an open set?
or infinite solutions?
Kim
The answer is neither. The function, 2 = 0 cannot exist. Hence, the function is undefined.
Al
y=10×
if |A| not equal to 0 and order of A is n prove that adj (adj A = |A|
rolling four fair dice and getting an even number an all four dice
Kristine 2*2*2=8
Differences Between Laspeyres and Paasche Indices
No. 7x -4y is simplified from 4x + (3y + 3x) -7y
how do you translate this in Algebraic Expressions
Need to simplify the expresin. 3/7 (x+y)-1/7 (x-1)=
. After 3 months on a diet, Lisa had lost 12% of her original weight. She lost 21 pounds. What was Lisa's original weight?
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
what is nano technology
what is system testing?
preparation of nanomaterial
Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
what is system testing
what is the application of nanotechnology?
Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world
Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world
Prasenjit
how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?
Damian
silver nanoparticles could handle the job?
Damian
not now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials
Azam
Hello
Uday
I'm interested in Nanotube
Uday
this technology will not going on for the long time , so I'm thinking about femtotechnology 10^-15
Prasenjit
can nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world
At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
the Beer law works very well for dilute solutions but fails for very high concentrations. why?
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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