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Let us try to override the method equals in classes BParticle and CParticle ; the method returns true if the all fields of the two objects are equal.

  • Four objects are created: two equal objects b1 and b2 of type BParticle and two unequal objects c1 and c2 of type CParticle .
  • As expected, b1.equals(b2) returns true and c1.equals(c2) returns false .
  • b1.equals(c1) returns true : since CParticle is a subclass of BParticle , the variable c1 is acceptable as a parameter to the method equals declared in BParticle . c1 is equal to b1 , because we are only comparing the first two fields inherited from BParticle and these are equal.

Exercise Explain what happens if you try to evaluate c1.equals(b1) .

Program: Inheritance07C.java

// Learning Object Inheritance07C //    equality (robust overriding)class Particle {     int position;      Particle(int p) {        position = p;     }      void newPosition(int delta) {         position = position + delta;    } }  class BParticle extends Particle {    int charge;      BParticle(int p, int c) {         super(p);        charge = c;     }}  class CParticle extends BParticle {     boolean strange;      CParticle(int p, int c, boolean s) {        super(p, c);         strange = s;    }      void newPosition(int delta) {         if (strange)            position = position * charge;     }      public boolean equals(Object obj) {        if (obj == null) return false;         if (!(obj instanceof CParticle)) return false;        CParticle c = (CParticle) obj;         return this.position == c.position && this.charge == c.charge &&               this.strange == c.strange;     }}  class Inheritance07C {     public static void main(/*String[] args*/) {         BParticle b1 = new BParticle(20, 2);        CParticle c1 = new CParticle(20, 2, false);         CParticle c2 = new CParticle(20, 2, true);        CParticle c3 = new CParticle(20, 2, false);         boolean eqc1null = c1.equals(null);        boolean eqc1b1 = c1.equals(b1);         boolean eqc1c2 = c1.equals(c2);        boolean eqc1c3 = c1.equals(c3);     }}

It would be unusual for two objects to be considered equal if they are of different types, even if one type is a subclass of another.In fact, public boolean equals(CParticle c) does not override the method equals in BParticle , because an overriding method must have the same signature as the overridden method.

The method equals is declared in the root class Object as: public boolean equals(Object obj) and this is the method that must be overridden. This program shows the correct technique:

  • Since the parameter can now be any object, a check is first made that the parameter is not null .
  • Similarly, a check is made that the parameter is of the same type as this object.
  • Now that we know that the parameter is actually of this type, it can be cast from Object to the type.
  • Only then is class-specific code performed—usually a field-by-field comparison.

Trace the execution of the program:

  • Four objects are created: one object b1 of type BParticle and three objects c1 , c2 and c3 of type CParticle .
  • Clearly, comparing c1 to null or b1 returns false .
  • Field-by-field comparisons are used if the parameter is of type CParticle : c1.equals(c2) returns false and c1.equals(c3) returns true .

Questions & Answers

what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
what's microbiome?
john Reply
Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms
Ibra
the microorganisms in a particular environment (including the body or a part of the body).
Ibra
describe the bacterial cell
Akello
The biggest populations of microbes reside in the gut.other popular habitats include the skin genitals.The microbial cells and their genetic material ,the microbiome ,live with human from birth .
Zahreen
can agriculture be integrated into biology
David
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Source:  OpenStax, Learning objects for java (with jeliot). OpenStax CNX. Dec 28, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10915/1.2
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