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Foundation

We begin as a starting point with the atomic molecular theory. We thus assume that most of the common elementshave been identified, and that each element is characterized as consisting of identical, indestructible atoms. We also assume thatthe atomic weights of the elements are all known, and that, as a consequence, it is possible via mass composition measurements todetermine the molecular formula for any compound of interest. In addition, we will assume that it has been shown by electrochemicalexperiments that atoms contain equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles, called protons and electronsrespectively. Finally, we assume an understanding of the Periodic Table. In particular, we assume that the elements can be groupedaccording to their common chemical and physical properties, and that these chemical and physical properties are periodic functionsof the atomic number.

Goals

The atomic molecular theory is extremely useful in explaining what it means to form a compound from itscomponent elements. That is, a compound consists of identical molecules, each comprised of the atoms of the component elements ina simple whole number ratio. However, our knowledge of these atoms is very limited. The only property we know at this point is therelative mass of each atom. Consequently, we cannot answer a wide range of new questions. We need a model which accounts for theperiodicity of chemical and physical properties as expressed in the Periodic Table. Why are elements which are very dissimilar inatomic mass nevertheless very similar in properties? Why do these common properties recur periodically?

We would like to understand what determines the number of atoms of each type which combine to form stablecompounds. Why are some combinations found and other combinations not observed? Why do some elements with very dissimilar atomicmasses (for example, iodine and chlorine) form very similar chemical compounds? Why do other elements with very similar atomicmasses (for example, oxygen and nitrogen) form very dissimilar compounds? In general, what forces hold atoms together in forming amolecule?

Answering these questions requires knowledge of the structure of the atom, including how the structures of atomsof different elements are different. Our model should tell us how these structural differences result in the different bondingproperties of the different atoms.

Observation 1: scattering of α particles by atoms

We have assumed that atoms contain positive and negative charges and the number of these charges is equal inany given atom. However, we do not know what that number is, nor do we know how those charges are arranged inside the atom. Todetermine the location of the charges in the atom, we perform a "scattering" experiment. The idea is straightforward:since we cannot "see" the atomic structure, then we instead "throw" things at the atom and watch the way inwhich these objects are deflected by the atom. Working backwards, we can then deduce what the structure of the atom must be.

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
Aislinn Reply
cm
tijani
what is titration
John Reply
what is physics
Siyaka Reply
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Jude Reply
Can you compute that for me. Ty
Jude
what is the dimension formula of energy?
David Reply
what is viscosity?
David
what is inorganic
emma Reply
what is chemistry
Youesf Reply
what is inorganic
emma
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics
Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
Sahid Reply
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
Ryan
what's motion
Maurice Reply
what are the types of wave
Maurice
answer
Magreth
progressive wave
Magreth
hello friend how are you
Muhammad Reply
fine, how about you?
Mohammed
hi
Mujahid
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
yasuo Reply
Who can show me the full solution in this problem?
Reofrir Reply
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Source:  OpenStax, Concept development studies in chemistry. OpenStax CNX. Dec 06, 2007 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10264/1.5
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