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Executive summary

The emergence of the Internet has transformed the practice of the humanities and social sciences—more slowly thansome may have hoped, but more profoundly than others may have expected. Digital cultural heritage resources are a fundamentaldataset for the humanities: these resources, combined with computer networks and software tools, now shape the way that scholarsdiscover and make sense of the human record, while also shaping the way their findings are communicated to students, colleagues, andthe general public. Even greater transformations are on the horizon, as digitized cultural heritage comes into its own. But wewill not see anything approaching complete digitization of the record of human culture, removal of legal and technical barriers toaccess, or revolutionary change in the academic reward system unless the individuals, institutions, enterprises, organizations,and agencies who are this generation’s stewards of that record make it their business to ensure that these things happen.

The organized use of networks and computation for the practice of science and engineering was the subject of a2003 report to the National Science Foundation (NSF), Revolutionizing Science and Engineering throughCyberinfrastructure.

National Science Foundation, Revolutionizing Science and Engineering through Cyberinfrastructure: Report of theNational Science Foundation Blue-Ribbon Advisory Panel on Cyberinfrastructure (January 2003) (External Link) .
In both the NSF report and this one, the term cyberinfrastructure ismeant to denote the layer of information, expertise, standards, policies, tools, and services that are shared broadly acrosscommunities of inquiry but developed for specific scholarly purposes:cyberinfrastructure is something more specific than thenetwork itself, but it is something more general than a tool or a resource developed for a particular project, a range of projects,or, even more broadly, for a particular discipline. So, for example, digital history collections and the collaborativeenvironments in which to explore and analyze them from multiple disciplinary perspectives might be considered cyberinfrastructure,whereas fiber-optic cables and storage area networks or basic communication protocols would fall below the line forcyberinfrastructure.

Recognizing that a revolution similar to the transformation of science and engineering addressed in the NSFreport is inevitable for the humanities and the social sciences and that these disciplines have essential and distinct contributions tomake in designing, building, and operating cyberinfrastructure, the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) in 2004 appointed aCommission on Cyberinfrastructure for the Humanities and Social Sciences. This report reflects the reach of its sponsoringorganization, the ACLS, by focusing on the needs of the humanities and nonnormative social sciences, that is, social sciences that areinterpretive.

The ACLS Commission was charged with three tasks:

  • To describe and analyze the current state of humanities and social science cyberinfrastructure
  • To articulate the requirements and potential contributions of the humanities and social sciences in developing acyberinfrastructure for information, teaching, and research
  • To recommend areas of emphasis and coordination for the various agencies and institutions, public and private, thatcontribute to the development of this infrastructure

Questions & Answers

how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:  OpenStax, "our cultural commonwealth" the report of the american council of learned societies commission on cyberinfrastructure for the humanities and social sciences. OpenStax CNX. Dec 15, 2006 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10391/1.2
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