# 0.2 Useful information

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This appendix is broken into several tables.

• [link] , Important Constants
• [link] , Submicroscopic Masses
• [link] , Solar System Data
• [link] , Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols
• [link] , The Greek Alphabet
• [link] , SI units
• [link] , Selected British Units
• [link] , Other Units
• [link] , Useful Formulae
Important constants Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, www.physics.nist.gov/cuu (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.
Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value
$c$ Speed of light in vacuum $2\text{.}\text{99792458}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{8}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{m}/\text{s}$ $3\text{.}\text{00}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{8}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{m}/\text{s}$
$G$ Gravitational constant $6\text{.}\text{67408}\left(\text{31}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{11}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}/{\text{kg}}^{2}$ $6\text{.}\text{67}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{11}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}/{\text{kg}}^{2}$
${N}_{A}$ Avogadro’s number $6\text{.}\text{02214129}\left(\text{27}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{\text{23}}$ $6\text{.}\text{02}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{\text{23}}$
$k$ Boltzmann’s constant $1\text{.}\text{3806488}\left(\text{13}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{23}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}/\text{K}$ $1\text{.}\text{38}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{23}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}/\text{K}$
$R$ Gas constant $8\text{.}\text{3144621}\left(\text{75}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}/\text{mol}\cdot \text{K}$ $8\text{.}\text{31}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}/\text{mol}\cdot \text{K}=1\text{.}\text{99}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{cal}/\text{mol}\cdot \text{K}=0\text{.}\text{0821}\text{atm}\cdot \text{L}/\text{mol}\cdot \text{K}$
$\text{σ}$ Stefan-Boltzmann constant $5\text{.}\text{670373}\left(\text{21}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-8}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{W}/{\text{m}}^{2}\cdot \text{K}$ $5\text{.}\text{67}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-8}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{W}/{\text{m}}^{2}\cdot \text{K}$
$k$ Coulomb force constant $8\text{.}\text{987551788}\text{.}\text{.}\text{.}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{9}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}/{\text{C}}^{2}$ $8.99\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{9}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}/{\text{C}}^{2}$
${q}_{e}$ Charge on electron $-1\text{.}\text{602176565}\left(\text{35}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{19}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{C}$ $-1\text{.}\text{60}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{19}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{C}$
${\text{ε}}_{0}$ Permittivity of free space $8\text{.}\text{854187817}\text{.}\text{.}\text{.}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{12}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{C}}^{2}/\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}$ $8\text{.}\text{85}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{12}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{C}}^{2}/\text{N}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}$
${\text{μ}}_{0}$ Permeability of free space $4\pi \phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-7}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{T}\cdot \text{m}/\text{A}$ $1\text{.}\text{26}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-6}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{T}\cdot \text{m}/\text{A}$
$h$ Planck’s constant $6\text{.}\text{62606957}\left(\text{29}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{34}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}\cdot \text{s}$ $6\text{.}\text{63}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}{\text{10}}^{-\text{34}}\phantom{\rule{0.15em}{0ex}}\text{J}\cdot \text{s}$
Submicroscopic masses Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, www.physics.nist.gov/cuu (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.
Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value
${m}_{e}$ Electron mass $9\text{.}\text{10938291}\left(\text{40}\right)×{\text{10}}^{-\text{31}}\text{kg}$ $9\text{.}\text{11}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{31}}\text{kg}$
${m}_{p}$ Proton mass $1\text{.}\text{672621777}\left(\text{74}\right)×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$ $1\text{.}\text{6726}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$
${m}_{n}$ Neutron mass $1\text{.}\text{674927351}\left(\text{74}\right)×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$ $1\text{.}\text{6749}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$
$\text{u}$ Atomic mass unit $1\text{.}\text{660538921}\left(\text{73}\right)×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$ $1\text{.}\text{6605}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\text{kg}$
 Sun mass $1\text{.}\text{99}×{\text{10}}^{\text{30}}\text{kg}$ average radius $6\text{.}\text{96}×{\text{10}}^{8}\text{m}$ Earth-sun distance (average) $1\text{.}\text{496}×{\text{10}}^{\text{11}}\text{m}$ Earth mass $5\text{.}\text{9736}×{\text{10}}^{\text{24}}\text{kg}$ average radius $6\text{.}\text{376}×{\text{10}}^{6}\text{m}$  orbital period $3\text{.}\text{16}×{\text{10}}^{7}\text{s}$ Moon mass $7\text{.}\text{35}×{\text{10}}^{\text{22}}\text{kg}$ average radius $1\text{.}\text{74}×{\text{10}}^{6}\text{m}$ orbital period (average) $2\text{.}\text{36}×{\text{10}}^{6}\text{s}$ Earth-moon distance (average) $3\text{.}\text{84}×{\text{10}}^{8}\text{m}$
Metric prefixes for powers of ten and their symbols
Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value
tera T ${\text{10}}^{\text{12}}$ deci d ${\text{10}}^{-1}$
giga G ${\text{10}}^{9}$ centi c ${\text{10}}^{-2}$
mega M ${\text{10}}^{6}$ milli m ${\text{10}}^{-3}$
kilo k ${\text{10}}^{3}$ micro $\mu$ ${\text{10}}^{-6}$
hecto h ${\text{10}}^{2}$ nano n ${\text{10}}^{-9}$
deka da ${\text{10}}^{1}$ pico p ${\text{10}}^{-\text{12}}$
${\text{10}}^{0}\left(=1\right)$ femto f ${\text{10}}^{-\text{15}}$
 Alpha $\text{Α}$ $\alpha$ Eta $\text{Η}$ $\eta$ Nu $\text{Ν}$ $\nu$ Tau $\text{Τ}$ $\tau$ Beta $\text{Β}$ $\beta$ Theta $\text{Θ}$ $\theta$ Xi $\text{Ξ}$ $\xi$ Upsilon $\text{Υ}$ $\upsilon$ Gamma $\text{Γ}$ $\gamma$ Iota $\text{Ι}$ $\iota$ Omicron $\text{Ο}$ $ο$ Phi $\text{Φ}$ $\varphi$ Delta $\text{Δ}$ $\delta$ Kappa $\text{Κ}$ $\kappa$ Pi $\text{Π}$ $\pi$ Chi $\text{Χ}$ $\chi$ Epsilon $\text{Ε}$ $\epsilon$ Lambda $\text{Λ}$ $\lambda$ Rho $\text{Ρ}$ $\rho$ Psi $\text{Ψ}$ $\psi$ Zeta $\text{Ζ}$ $\zeta$ Mu $\text{Μ}$ $\mu$ Sigma $\text{Σ}$ $\sigma$ Omega $\Omega$ $\omega$
Si units
Entity Abbreviation Name
Fundamental units Length m meter
Mass kg kilogram
Time s second
Current A ampere
Supplementary unit Angle rad radian
Derived units Force $\text{N}=\text{kg}\cdot \text{m}/{\text{s}}^{2}$ newton
Energy $\text{J}=\text{kg}\cdot {\text{m}}^{2}/{\text{s}}^{2}$ joule
Power $\text{W}=\text{J}/\text{s}$ watt
Pressure $\text{Pa}=\text{N}/{\text{m}}^{2}$ pascal
Frequency $\text{Hz}=1/\text{s}$ hertz
Electronic potential $\text{V}=\text{J}/\text{C}$ volt
Capacitance $\text{F}=\text{C}/\text{V}$ farad
Charge $\text{C}=\text{s}\cdot \text{A}$ coulomb
Resistance $\Omega =\text{V}/\text{A}$ ohm
Magnetic field $\text{T}=\text{N}/\left(\text{A}\cdot \text{m}\right)$ tesla
Nuclear decay rate $\text{Bq}=1/\text{s}$ becquerel
 Length $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{inch}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{in}\text{.}\right)=2\text{.}\text{54}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{cm}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{exactly}\right)$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{foot}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{ft}\right)=0\text{.}\text{3048}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{m}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{mile}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{mi}\right)=1\text{.}\text{609}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{km}$ Force $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{pound}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{lb}\right)=4\text{.}\text{448}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{N}$ Energy $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{British thermal unit}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{Btu}\right)=1\text{.}\text{055}×{\text{10}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ Power $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{horsepower}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{hp}\right)=\text{746}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{W}$ Pressure $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{lb}/{\text{in}}^{2}=6\text{.}\text{895}×{\text{10}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Pa}$
 Length $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{light year}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{ly}\right)=9\text{.}\text{46}×{\text{10}}^{\text{15}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{m}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{astronomical unit}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{au}\right)=1\text{.}\text{50}×{\text{10}}^{\text{11}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{m}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{nautical mile}=1\text{.}\text{852}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{km}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{angstrom}\left(\text{Å}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}={\text{10}}^{-\text{10}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{m}$ Area $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{acre}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{ac}\right)=4\text{.}\text{05}×{\text{10}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{square foot}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left({\text{ft}}^{2}\right)=9\text{.}\text{29}×{\text{10}}^{-2}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{barn}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(b\right)={\text{10}}^{-\text{28}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}$ Volume $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{liter}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(L\right)={\text{10}}^{-3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{3}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{U.S. gallon}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{gal}\right)=3\text{.}\text{785}×{\text{10}}^{-3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{3}$ Mass $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{solar mass}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}=1\text{.}\text{99}×{\text{10}}^{\text{30}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{kg}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{metric ton}={\text{10}}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{kg}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{atomic mass unit}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(u\right)=1\text{.}\text{6605}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{27}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{kg}$ Time $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{year}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(y\right)=3\text{.}\text{16}×{\text{10}}^{7}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{s}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{day}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(d\right)=\text{86},\text{400}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{s}$ Speed $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{mile per hour}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{mph}\right)=1\text{.}\text{609}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{km}/\text{h}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{nautical mile per hour}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{naut}\right)=1\text{.}\text{852}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{km}/\text{h}$ Angle $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{degree}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(°\right)=1\text{.}\text{745}×{\text{10}}^{-2}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{rad}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{minute of arc}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\left(}^{\text{'}}\right)=1/\text{60}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{degree}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{second of arc}\text{}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}{\left(}^{\text{''}}\right)=1/\text{60}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{minute of arc}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{grad}=1\text{.}\text{571}×{\text{10}}^{-2}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{rad}$ Energy $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{kiloton TNT}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{kT}\right)=4\text{.}2×{\text{10}}^{\text{12}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{kilowatt hour}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{kW}\cdot h\right)=3\text{.}\text{60}×{\text{10}}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{food calorie}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{kcal}\right)=\text{4186}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{calorie}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{cal}\right)=4\text{.}\text{186}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{electron volt}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{eV}\right)=1\text{.}\text{60}×{\text{10}}^{-\text{19}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{J}$ Pressure $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{atmosphere}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{atm}\right)=1\text{.}\text{013}×{\text{10}}^{5}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Pa}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{millimeter of mercury}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{mm}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Hg}\right)=\text{133}\text{.}3\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Pa}$ $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{torricelli}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{torr}\right)=1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{mm}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Hg}=\text{133}\text{.}3\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Pa}$ Nuclear decay rate $1\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{curie}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\left(\text{Ci}\right)=3\text{.}\text{70}×{\text{10}}^{\text{10}}\phantom{\rule{0.20em}{0ex}}\text{Bq}$
 Circumference of a circle with radius $r$ or diameter $d$ $C=2\pi r=\mathrm{\pi d}$ Area of a circle with radius $r$ or diameter $d$ $A={\mathrm{\pi r}}^{2}={\mathrm{\pi d}}^{2}/4$ Area of a sphere with radius $r$ $A=4{\pi r}^{2}$ Volume of a sphere with radius $r$ $V=\left(4/3\right)\left({\mathrm{\pi r}}^{3}\right)$

#### Questions & Answers

find the 15th term of the geometric sequince whose first is 18 and last term of 387
Jerwin Reply
The given of f(x=x-2. then what is the value of this f(3) 5f(x+1)
virgelyn Reply
hmm well what is the answer
Abhi
how do they get the third part x = (32)5/4
kinnecy Reply
can someone help me with some logarithmic and exponential equations.
Jeffrey Reply
sure. what is your question?
ninjadapaul
20/(×-6^2)
Salomon
okay, so you have 6 raised to the power of 2. what is that part of your answer
ninjadapaul
I don't understand what the A with approx sign and the boxed x mean
ninjadapaul
it think it's written 20/(X-6)^2 so it's 20 divided by X-6 squared
Salomon
I'm not sure why it wrote it the other way
Salomon
I got X =-6
Salomon
ok. so take the square root of both sides, now you have plus or minus the square root of 20= x-6
ninjadapaul
oops. ignore that.
ninjadapaul
so you not have an equal sign anywhere in the original equation?
ninjadapaul
hmm
Abhi
is it a question of log
Abhi
🤔.
Abhi
Commplementary angles
Idrissa Reply
hello
Sherica
im all ears I need to learn
Sherica
right! what he said ⤴⤴⤴
Tamia
hii
Uday
what is a good calculator for all algebra; would a Casio fx 260 work with all algebra equations? please name the cheapest, thanks.
Kevin Reply
a perfect square v²+2v+_
Dearan Reply
kkk nice
Abdirahman Reply
algebra 2 Inequalities:If equation 2 = 0 it is an open set?
Kim Reply
or infinite solutions?
Kim
The answer is neither. The function, 2 = 0 cannot exist. Hence, the function is undefined.
Al
y=10×
Embra Reply
if |A| not equal to 0 and order of A is n prove that adj (adj A = |A|
Nancy Reply
rolling four fair dice and getting an even number an all four dice
ramon Reply
Kristine 2*2*2=8
Bridget Reply
Differences Between Laspeyres and Paasche Indices
Emedobi Reply
No. 7x -4y is simplified from 4x + (3y + 3x) -7y
Mary Reply
how do you translate this in Algebraic Expressions
linda Reply
Need to simplify the expresin. 3/7 (x+y)-1/7 (x-1)=
Crystal Reply
. After 3 months on a diet, Lisa had lost 12% of her original weight. She lost 21 pounds. What was Lisa's original weight?
Chris Reply
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
Damian Reply
China
Cied
types of nano material
abeetha Reply
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
Ramkumar Reply
what is nano technology
Sravani Reply
what is system testing?
AMJAD
preparation of nanomaterial
Victor Reply
Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
Himanshu Reply
good afternoon madam
AMJAD
what is system testing
AMJAD
what is the application of nanotechnology?
Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world
Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world
Prasenjit
how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?
Damian
silver nanoparticles could handle the job?
Damian
not now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials
Azam
Hello
Uday
I'm interested in Nanotube
Uday
this technology will not going on for the long time , so I'm thinking about femtotechnology 10^-15
Prasenjit
can nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world
Prasenjit Reply
At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
Ali Reply
the Beer law works very well for dilute solutions but fails for very high concentrations. why?
bamidele Reply
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
Smarajit Reply
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