# 0.2 The atom  (Page 7/14)

 Page 7 / 14

## Interesting fact

In Greek, “same place” reads as $\stackrel{}{\iota }\sigma o\varsigma$ $\tau \stackrel{}{o}\pi o\varsigma$ (isos topos). This is why atoms which have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called isotopes . They are in the same place on the Periodic Table!

The following worked examples will help you to understand the concept of an isotope better.

For the element ${}_{92}^{234}\mathrm{U}$ (uranium), use standard notation to describe:

1. the isotope with 2 fewer neutrons
2. the isotope with 4 more neutrons
1. We know that isotopes of any element have the same number of protons (same atomic number)in each atom, which means that they have the same chemical symbol. However, they have a different number of neutrons, and therefore a different mass number.

2. Therefore, any isotope of uranium will have the symbol:

$\mathrm{U}$

Also, since the number of protons in uranium isotopes is always the same, we can write down the atomic number:

${}_{92}\mathrm{U}$

Now, if the isotope we want has 2 fewer neutrons than ${}_{92}^{234}\mathrm{U}$ , then we take the original mass number and subtract 2, which gives:

${}_{92}^{232}\mathrm{U}$

Following the steps above, we can write the isotope with 4 more neutrons as:

${}_{92}^{238}\mathrm{U}$

Which of the following are isotopes of ${}_{20}^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ ?

• ${}_{19}^{40}\mathrm{K}$
• ${}_{20}^{42}\mathrm{Ca}$
• ${}_{18}^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$
1. We know that isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

2. You need to look for the element that has the same atomic number but a different atomic mass number. The only element is ${}_{20}^{42}\mathrm{Ca}$ . What is different is that there are 2 more neutrons than in the original element.

For the sulphur isotope ${}_{16}^{33}\mathrm{S}$ , give the number of...

1. protons
2. nucleons
3. electrons
4. neutrons
1. $Z=16$ , therefore the number of protons is 16 (answer to (a)).

2. $A=33$ , therefore the number of nucleons is 33 (answer to (b)).

3. The atom is neutral, and therefore the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons. The number of electrons is 16 (answer to (c)).

4. $\begin{array}{c}\hfill N=A-Z=33-16=17\end{array}$

The number of neutrons is 17 (answer to (d)).

## Isotopes

1. Atom A has 5 protons and 5 neutrons, and atom B has 6 protons and 5 neutrons. These atoms are...
1. allotropes
2. isotopes
3. isomers
4. atoms of different elements
2. For the sulphur isotopes, ${}_{16}^{32}\mathrm{S}$ and ${}_{16}^{34}\mathrm{S}$ , give the number of...
1. protons
2. nucleons
3. electrons
4. neutrons
3. Which of the following are isotopes of ${}_{17}^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$ ?
1. ${}_{35}^{17}\mathrm{Cl}$
2. ${}_{17}^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$
3. ${}_{17}^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$
4. Which of the following are isotopes of $\mathrm{U-}235$ ? (X represents an element symbol)
1. ${}_{92}^{238}\mathrm{X}$
2. ${}_{90}^{238}\mathrm{X}$
3. ${}_{92}^{235}\mathrm{X}$

## Relative atomic mass

It is important to realise that the atomic mass of isotopes of the same element will be different because they have a different number of nucleons. Chlorine, for example, has two common isotopes which are chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. Chlorine-35 has an atomic mass of 35 u, while chlorine-37 has an atomic mass of 37 u. In the world around us, both of these isotopes occur naturally. It doesn't make sense to say that the element chlorine has an atomic mass of 35 u, or that it has an atomic mass of 37 u. Neither of these are absolutely true since the mass varies depending on the form in which the element occurs. We need to look at how much more common one is than the other in order to calculate the relative atomic mass for the element chlorine. This is the number that you find on the Periodic Table.

can someone help me with some logarithmic and exponential equations.
20/(×-6^2)
Salomon
okay, so you have 6 raised to the power of 2. what is that part of your answer
I don't understand what the A with approx sign and the boxed x mean
it think it's written 20/(X-6)^2 so it's 20 divided by X-6 squared
Salomon
I'm not sure why it wrote it the other way
Salomon
I got X =-6
Salomon
ok. so take the square root of both sides, now you have plus or minus the square root of 20= x-6
oops. ignore that.
so you not have an equal sign anywhere in the original equation?
Commplementary angles
hello
Sherica
im all ears I need to learn
Sherica
right! what he said ⤴⤴⤴
Tamia
what is a good calculator for all algebra; would a Casio fx 260 work with all algebra equations? please name the cheapest, thanks.
a perfect square v²+2v+_
kkk nice
algebra 2 Inequalities:If equation 2 = 0 it is an open set?
or infinite solutions?
Kim
The answer is neither. The function, 2 = 0 cannot exist. Hence, the function is undefined.
Al
y=10×
if |A| not equal to 0 and order of A is n prove that adj (adj A = |A|
rolling four fair dice and getting an even number an all four dice
Kristine 2*2*2=8
Differences Between Laspeyres and Paasche Indices
No. 7x -4y is simplified from 4x + (3y + 3x) -7y
is it 3×y ?
J, combine like terms 7x-4y
im not good at math so would this help me
yes
Asali
I'm not good at math so would you help me
Samantha
what is the problem that i will help you to self with?
Asali
how do you translate this in Algebraic Expressions
Need to simplify the expresin. 3/7 (x+y)-1/7 (x-1)=
. After 3 months on a diet, Lisa had lost 12% of her original weight. She lost 21 pounds. What was Lisa's original weight?
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
what is nano technology
what is system testing?
preparation of nanomaterial
Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
what is system testing
what is the application of nanotechnology?
Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world
Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world
Prasenjit
how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?
Damian
silver nanoparticles could handle the job?
Damian
not now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials
Azam
can nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world
At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
the Beer law works very well for dilute solutions but fails for very high concentrations. why?
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
Privacy Information Security Software Version 1.1a
Good
What makes metals better to use as wires than non-metals? (please link to bonding type)??? HELP