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Chapter 5 and its sections give the definition of nano-science and nano material, gives examples of nano-materials and its external manifestation. Subsequently the classification of nano-materials and formation of stable nano-structure.

Chapter 5_Introduction-Nanomaterials.

The Universe ranges from 10 28 cm to 10 -33 cm. The first Length is the distance from our Earth to the observable Event Horizon of the Universe which is 13.8blightyears(ly) = 4.23313 b parsec(pc) = 1.30622×10 26 m. The second length is Planck’s Length:

Planck’s Length sets the fundamental limit on the accuracy of length measuremment.

As proto-human-society and human society has developed, its capabilities have developed. Its tool materials improved from flint stones to copper to bronze to iron implements to steel to polymers to Silicon and finally to nano-materials. In Table 5.1, we show the development of Proto-human society due to anatomical changes in homo-species. Once modern humans emerged human society has developed both due to the development of relation of production and due to the development of tools of production.

Relation of production has developed from primitive communism to slavery to feudal and to the capitalist society. The modern Capitalist Society is experiencing the labour pains for delivering a Socialistic Society.

The scale of production has evolved from Small Scale Owner Managed Production to Large Scale Corporate Managed Production.

Table 5.1. Stages of development in Proto Human Society and Human Society based on anatomical changes, based on relation of production and based on the development of means of production.

Date(ya) 1 Anatomical 3 Relation of Production Materials used Means of Production
4M AustralopethicusAfarensis Savage&Primitive communism Primitive tools, no hand grip 2 . Roots&fruits gatherer
2.5M Homo-habilis(handy man) Savage&Primitive communism Choppers&Flakes, Oldwan Style Foraging&scavenging
Discovery of fire
1.9M Homo-erectus(erect man) Savage&Primitivecommunism Refined, precisionGrip features developed hunting
800,000 Homo-sapiens(intelligent man) Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm Precision Grip matured&tear shaped hand axesDeveloped,so-calledAcheulean style hunting
200,000 Modern humansEmerge in AFRICA Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm hunting
70,000(last ice age begins) Migrate out of Africa and replace all primitive homo-species. Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm STONE AGE, , cave-dwelling, refined flint-stone tools hunting
50,000 Modern Humans reachAustralia and get isolated as Australian Aborigines. Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm Stone tools and weapons hunting
50,000To 40,000 Migration to Asia Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm Stone tools and weapons hunting
40,000 to30,000 In;land migration from Asia to Europe Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm Stone tools and weapons hunting
Modern humans push toCentral Asia and arrived in the grassy steppes of Himalaya Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm Stone tools and weapons hunting
From S.E.Asia and China, migration to Japan&Siberia took place. Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm Stone tools and weapons hunting
North Asians migrated to N.America via land bridge across Arctic from Siberia Barbarians&Primitivecommuinsm Stone tools and weapons hunting
10,000 Great delugeModern Humans Barbarians&Civilized Society-Private Property, Monogamous Family, State

COPPER AGE

Hunting&agriculture for fodder
9,000 Modern Humans Slavery Native Copper used.Smelted Copper used, Mining, Agriculture for grains, artisans

BRONZE AGE

6,000…5,500…5,500… Modern Humans Feudalism Silver,Tin,Bronze. Mining, Agriculture, artisans
3,400 to1800CE Modern Humans

IRON AGE

1800CE to 1940CE Modern Humans Capitalism

STEEL AGE

Industrial Revolution&Large Scale Production
1940-1960CE Modern Humans Capitalism

POLYMER AGE

Factory production
1960CE to present Modern Humans

SILICON AGE

Computerization, Automation, Robotization&Miniaturization
1980 to present Modern Humans

NANO AGE

Miniaturization&System Integration

Questions & Answers

what is mutation
Janga Reply
what is a cell
Sifune Reply
how is urine form
Sifune
what is antagonism?
mahase Reply
classification of plants, gymnosperm features.
Linsy Reply
what is the features of gymnosperm
Linsy
how many types of solid did we have
Samuel Reply
what is an ionic bond
Samuel
What is Atoms
Daprince Reply
what is fallopian tube
Merolyn
what is bladder
Merolyn
what's bulbourethral gland
Eduek Reply
urine is formed in the nephron of the renal medulla in the kidney. It starts from filtration, then selective reabsorption and finally secretion
onuoha Reply
State the evolution relation and relevance between endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton as it relates to cell.
Jeremiah
what is heart
Konadu Reply
how is urine formed in human
Konadu
how is urine formed in human
Rahma
what is the diference between a cavity and a canal
Pelagie Reply
what is the causative agent of malaria
Diamond
malaria is caused by an insect called mosquito.
Naomi
Malaria is cause by female anopheles mosquito
Isaac
Malaria is caused by plasmodium Female anopheles mosquitoe is d carrier
Olalekan
a canal is more needed in a root but a cavity is a bad effect
Commander
what are pathogens
Don Reply
In biology, a pathogen (Greek: πάθος pathos "suffering", "passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is anything that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ. The term pathogen came into use in the 1880s.[1][2
Zainab
A virus
Commander
Definition of respiration
Muhsin Reply
respiration is the process in which we breath in oxygen and breath out carbon dioxide
Achor
how are lungs work
Commander
where does digestion begins
Achiri Reply
in the mouth
EZEKIEL
what are the functions of follicle stimulating harmones?
Rashima Reply
stimulates the follicle to release the mature ovum into the oviduct
Davonte
what are the functions of Endocrine and pituitary gland
Chinaza
endocrine secrete hormone and regulate body process
Achor
while pituitary gland is an example of endocrine system and it's found in the Brain
Achor
what's biology?
Egbodo Reply
Biology is the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized field that cover their morphology, physiology,anatomy, behaviour,origin and distribution.
Lisah
biology is the study of life.
Alfreda
Biology is the study of how living organisms live and survive in a specific environment
Sifune
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Source:  OpenStax, Electrical and electronic materials science. OpenStax CNX. May 01, 2014 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11615/1.14
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