# 0.10 Sets and counting  (Page 8/9)

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Forming word sequences is an example of permutations, while forming committees is an example of combinations – the topic of this section.

Permutations are those arrangements where order is important, while combinations are those arrangements where order is not significant. From now on, this is how we will tell permutations and combinations apart.

In [link] , there were six permutations, but only three combinations.

Just as the symbol $n\text{Pr}$ represents the number of permutations of $n$ objects taken $r$ at a time, $\text{nCr}$ represents the number of combinations of $n$ objects taken $r$ at a time.

So in [link] , $3P2=6$ , and $3C2=3$ .

Our next goal is to determine the relationship between the number of combinations and the number of permutations in a given situation.

In [link] , if we knew that there were three combinations, we could have found the number of permutations by multiplying this number by $2!$ . That is because each combination consists of two letters, and that makes $2!$ permutations.

Given the set of letters $\left\{A,B,C,D\right\}$ . Write the number of combinations of three letters, and then from these combinations determine the number of permutations.

We have the following four combinations.

ABC BCD CDA BDA

Since every combination has three letters, there are $3!$ permutations for every combination. We list them below.

ABC BCD CDA BDA

BAC CDB DAC DAB

BCA CBD DCA DBA

The number of permutations are $3!$ times the number of combinations. That is

$4p3=3!\cdot 4C3$

or $4C3=\frac{4P3}{3!}$

In general, $\text{nCr}=\frac{n\text{Pr}}{r!}$

Since $n\text{Pr}=\frac{n!}{\left(n-r\right)!}$

We have, $\text{nCr}=\frac{n!}{\left(n-r\right)!r!}$

Summarizing,

1. Combinations

A combination of a set of elements is an arrangement where each element is used once, and order is not important.

2. The Number of Combinations of $n$ Objects Taken $r$ at a Time

$\text{nCr}=\frac{n!}{\left(n-r\right)!r!}$

Where $n$ and $r$ are natural numbers.

Compute:

1. $5C3$
2. $7C3$ .

We use the above formula.

$5C3=\frac{5!}{\left(5-3\right)!3!}=\frac{5!}{2!3!}=\text{10}$
$7C3=\frac{7!}{\left(7-3\right)!3!}=\frac{7!}{4!3!}=\text{35}.$

In how many different ways can a student select to answer five questions from a test that has seven questions, if the order of the selection is not important?

Since the order is not important, it is a combination problem, and the answer is

$7C5=\text{21}$ .

How many line segments can be drawn by connecting any two of the six points that lie on the circumference of a circle?

Since the line that goes from point $A$ to point $B$ is same as the one that goes from $B$ to $A$ , this is a combination problem.

It is a combination of 6 objects taken 2 at a time. Therefore, the answer is

$6C2=\frac{6!}{4!2!}=\text{15}$

There are ten people at a party. If they all shake hands, how many hand-shakes are possible?

Note that between any two people there is only one hand shake. Therefore, we have

The shopping area of a town is in the shape of square that is 5 blocks by 5 blocks. How many different routes can a taxi driver take to go from one corner of the shopping area to the opposite cater-corner?

Let us suppose the taxi driver drives from the point $A$ , the lower left hand corner, to the point $B$ , the upper right hand corner as shown in the figure below.

To reach his destination, he has to travel ten blocks; five horizontal, and five vertical. So if out of the ten blocks he chooses any five horizontal, the other five will have to be the vertical blocks, and vice versa. Therefore, all he has to do is to choose 5 out of ten.

The answer is 10C5, or 252.

Alternately, the problem can be solved by permutations with similar elements.

The taxi driver's route consists of five horizontal and five vertical blocks. If we call a horizontal block $H$ , and a vertical block a $V$ , then one possible route may be as follows.

$\text{HHHHHVVVVV}$

Clearly there are .

Further note that by definition $\text{10}\mathrm{C5}=\frac{\text{10}!}{5!5!}$ .

how do you translate this in Algebraic Expressions
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