Diagnosing rickettsial infection by cultivation in the laboratory is both difficult and hazardous because of the easy aerosolization of the bacteria, so PCR and ELISA are commonly used. Doxycycline is the first-line drug to treat acute Q fever. In chronic Q fever,
doxycycline is often paired with
hydroxychloroquine .
Bacterial diseases of the respiratory tract
Numerous pathogens can cause infections of the respiratory tract. Many of these infections produce similar signs and symptoms, but appropriate treatment depends on accurate diagnosis through laboratory testing. The tables in
[link] and
[link] summarize the most important bacterial respiratory infections, with the latter focusing specifically on forms of bacterial pneumonia.
Key concepts and summary
A wide variety of bacteria can cause respiratory diseases; most are treatable with antibiotics or preventable with vaccines.
Streptococcus pyogenes causes
strep throat , an infection of the pharynx that also causes high fever and can lead to
scarlet fever ,
acute rheumatic fever , and
acute glomerulonephritis .
Acute otitis media is an infection of the middle ear that may be caused by several bacteria, including
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and
Moraxella catarrhalis . The infection can block the eustachian tubes, leading to
otitis media with effusion .
Diphtheria , caused by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae , is now a rare disease because of widespread vaccination. The bacteria produce exotoxins that kill cells in the pharynx, leading to the formation of a
pseudomembrane ; and damage other parts of the body.
Bacterialpneumonia results from infections that cause inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli. It is most commonly caused by
S. pneumoniae or
H. influenzae . The former is commonly multidrug resistant.
Mycoplasma pneumonia results from infection by
Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; it can spread quickly, but the disease is mild and self-limiting.
Chlamydial pneumonia can be caused by three pathogens that are obligate intracellular parasites.
Chlamydophila pneumoniae is typically transmitted from an infected person, whereas
C. psittaci is typically transmitted from an infected bird.
Chlamydia trachomatis , may cause pneumonia in infants.
Several other bacteria can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals and those with cystic fibrosis.
Tuberculosis is caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Infection leads to the production of protective
tubercles in the alveoli and calcified
Ghon complexes that can harbor the bacteria for a long time. Antibiotic-resistant forms are common and treatment is typically long term.
Pertussis is caused by
Bordetella pertussis . Mucus accumulation in the lungs leads to prolonged severe coughing episodes (whooping cough) that facilitate transmission. Despite an available vaccine, outbreaks are still common.
Legionnaires disease is caused by infection from environmental reservoirs of the
Legionella pneumophila bacterium. The bacterium is endocytic within macrophages and infection can lead to pneumonia, particularly among immunocompromised individuals.
Q fever is caused by
Coxiella burnetii , whose primary hosts are domesticated mammals (zoonotic disease). It causes pneumonia primarily in farm workers and can lead to serious complications, such as endocarditis.
Fill in the blank
Calcified lesions called _______ form in the lungs of patients with TB.
In economics, a perfect market refers to a theoretical construct where all participants have perfect information, goods are homogenous, there are no barriers to entry or exit, and prices are determined solely by supply and demand. It's an idealized model used for analysis,
When MP₁ becomes negative, TP start to decline.
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of lab
Kelo
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of labour (APL) and marginal product of labour (MPL)
Quantity demanded refers to the specific amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a give price and within a specific time period. Demand, on the other hand, is a broader concept that encompasses the entire relationship between price and quantity demanded
Ezea
ok
Shukri
how do you save a country economic situation when it's falling apart
Economic growth as an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services within an economy.but
Economic development as a broader concept that encompasses not only economic growth but also social & human well being.
Shukri
production function means
Jabir
What do you think is more important to focus on when considering inequality ?
sir...I just want to ask one question... Define the term contract curve? if you are free please help me to find this answer 🙏
Asui
it is a curve that we get after connecting the pareto optimal combinations of two consumers after their mutually beneficial trade offs
Awais
thank you so much 👍 sir
Asui
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities, where neither p
Cornelius
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities,
Cornelius
Suppose a consumer consuming two commodities X and Y has
The following utility function u=X0.4 Y0.6. If the price of the X and Y are 2 and 3 respectively and income Constraint is birr 50.
A,Calculate quantities of x and y which maximize utility.
B,Calculate value of Lagrange multiplier.
C,Calculate quantities of X and Y consumed with a given price.
D,alculate optimum level of output .
the market for lemon has 10 potential consumers, each having an individual demand curve p=101-10Qi, where p is price in dollar's per cup and Qi is the number of cups demanded per week by the i th consumer.Find the market demand curve using algebra. Draw an individual demand curve and the market dema
suppose the production function is given by ( L, K)=L¼K¾.assuming capital is fixed find APL and MPL. consider the following short run production function:Q=6L²-0.4L³ a) find the value of L that maximizes output b)find the value of L that maximizes marginal product
