Diagnosing rickettsial infection by cultivation in the laboratory is both difficult and hazardous because of the easy aerosolization of the bacteria, so PCR and ELISA are commonly used. Doxycycline is the first-line drug to treat acute Q fever. In chronic Q fever,
doxycycline is often paired with
hydroxychloroquine .
Bacterial diseases of the respiratory tract
Numerous pathogens can cause infections of the respiratory tract. Many of these infections produce similar signs and symptoms, but appropriate treatment depends on accurate diagnosis through laboratory testing. The tables in
[link] and
[link] summarize the most important bacterial respiratory infections, with the latter focusing specifically on forms of bacterial pneumonia.
Key concepts and summary
A wide variety of bacteria can cause respiratory diseases; most are treatable with antibiotics or preventable with vaccines.
Streptococcus pyogenes causes
strep throat , an infection of the pharynx that also causes high fever and can lead to
scarlet fever ,
acute rheumatic fever , and
acute glomerulonephritis .
Acute otitis media is an infection of the middle ear that may be caused by several bacteria, including
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and
Moraxella catarrhalis . The infection can block the eustachian tubes, leading to
otitis media with effusion .
Diphtheria , caused by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae , is now a rare disease because of widespread vaccination. The bacteria produce exotoxins that kill cells in the pharynx, leading to the formation of a
pseudomembrane ; and damage other parts of the body.
Bacterialpneumonia results from infections that cause inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli. It is most commonly caused by
S. pneumoniae or
H. influenzae . The former is commonly multidrug resistant.
Mycoplasma pneumonia results from infection by
Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; it can spread quickly, but the disease is mild and self-limiting.
Chlamydial pneumonia can be caused by three pathogens that are obligate intracellular parasites.
Chlamydophila pneumoniae is typically transmitted from an infected person, whereas
C. psittaci is typically transmitted from an infected bird.
Chlamydia trachomatis , may cause pneumonia in infants.
Several other bacteria can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals and those with cystic fibrosis.
Tuberculosis is caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Infection leads to the production of protective
tubercles in the alveoli and calcified
Ghon complexes that can harbor the bacteria for a long time. Antibiotic-resistant forms are common and treatment is typically long term.
Pertussis is caused by
Bordetella pertussis . Mucus accumulation in the lungs leads to prolonged severe coughing episodes (whooping cough) that facilitate transmission. Despite an available vaccine, outbreaks are still common.
Legionnaires disease is caused by infection from environmental reservoirs of the
Legionella pneumophila bacterium. The bacterium is endocytic within macrophages and infection can lead to pneumonia, particularly among immunocompromised individuals.
Q fever is caused by
Coxiella burnetii , whose primary hosts are domesticated mammals (zoonotic disease). It causes pneumonia primarily in farm workers and can lead to serious complications, such as endocarditis.
Fill in the blank
Calcified lesions called _______ form in the lungs of patients with TB.
Three charges q_{1}=+3\mu C, q_{2}=+6\mu C and q_{3}=+8\mu C are located at (2,0)m (0,0)m and (0,3) coordinates respectively. Find the magnitude and direction acted upon q_{2} by the two other charges.Draw the correct graphical illustration of the problem above showing the direction of all forces.
To solve this problem, we need to first find the net force acting on charge q_{2}. The magnitude of the force exerted by q_{1} on q_{2} is given by F=\frac{kq_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}} where k is the Coulomb constant, q_{1} and q_{2} are the charges of the particles, and r is the distance between them.
Muhammed
What is the direction and net electric force on q_{1}= 5µC located at (0,4)r due to charges q_{2}=7mu located at (0,0)m and q_{3}=3\mu C located at (4,0)m?
Capacitor is a separation of opposite charges using an insulator of very small dimension between them. Capacitor is used for allowing an AC (alternating current) to pass while a DC (direct current) is blocked.
Gautam
A motor travelling at 72km/m on sighting a stop sign applying the breaks such that under constant deaccelerate in the meters of 50 metres what is the magnitude of the accelerate
velocity can be 72 km/h in question. 72 km/h=20 m/s, v^2=2.a.x , 20^2=2.a.50, a=4 m/s^2.
Mehmet
A boat travels due east at a speed of 40meter per seconds across a river flowing due south at 30meter per seconds. what is the resultant speed of the boat
which has a higher temperature, 1cup of boiling water or 1teapot of boiling water which can transfer more heat 1cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling water explain your . answer
I believe temperature being an intensive property does not change for any amount of boiling water whereas heat being an extensive property changes with amount/size of the system.
Someone
Scratch that
Someone
temperature for any amount of water to boil at ntp is 100⁰C (it is a state function and and intensive property) and it depends both will give same amount of heat because the surface available for heat transfer is greater in case of the kettle as well as the heat stored in it but if you talk.....
Someone
about the amount of heat stored in the system then in that case since the mass of water in the kettle is greater so more energy is required to raise the temperature b/c more molecules of water are present in the kettle
pratica A on solution of hydro chloric acid,B is a solution containing 0.5000 mole ofsodium chlorid per dm³,put A in the burret and titrate 20.00 or 25.00cm³ portion of B using melting orange as the indicator. record the deside of your burret tabulate the burret reading and calculate the average volume of acid used?
No. According to Isac Newtons law. this two bodies maybe you and the wall beside you.
Attracting depends on the mass och each body and distance between them.
Dlovan
Are you really asking if two bodies have to be charged to be influenced by Coulombs Law?
Specific heat capacity is a measure of the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin). It is measured in Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg°C).
AI-Robot
specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius or kelvin
ROKEEB
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