# 6.2 Adjusting nominal values to real values  (Page 3/9)

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[link] shows the U.S. nominal and real GDP since 1960. Because 2005 is the base year, the nominal and real values are exactly the same in that year. However, over time, the rise in nominal GDP looks much larger than the rise in real GDP (that is, the nominal GDP line rises more steeply than the real GDP line), because the rise in nominal GDP is exaggerated by the presence of inflation, especially in the 1970s.

Let’s return to the question posed originally: How much did GDP increase in real terms? What was the rate of growth of real GDP from 1960 to 2010? To find the real growth rate, we apply the formula for percentage change:

In other words, the U.S. economy has increased real production of goods and services by nearly a factor of four since 1960. Of course, that understates the material improvement since it fails to capture improvements in the quality of products and the invention of new products.

There is a quicker way to answer this question approximately, using another math trick. Because:

Therefore, the growth rate of real GDP (% change in quantity) equals the growth rate in nominal GDP (% change in value) minus the inflation rate (% change in price).

Note that using this equation provides an approximation for small changes in the levels. For more accurate measures, one should use the first formula shown.

## Key concepts and summary

The nominal value of an economic statistic is the commonly announced value. The real value is the value after adjusting for changes in inflation. To convert nominal economic data from several different years into real, inflation-adjusted data, the starting point is to choose a base year arbitrarily and then use a price index to convert the measurements so that they are measured in the money prevailing in the base year.

## Problems

The “prime” interest rate is the rate that banks charge their best customers. Based on the nominal interest rates and inflation rates given in [link] , in which of the years given would it have been best to be a lender? Based on the nominal interest rates and inflation rates given in [link] , in which of the years given would it have been best to be a borrower?

Year Prime Interest Rate Inflation Rate
1970 7.9% 5.7%
1974 10.8% 11.0%
1978 9.1% 7.6%
1981 18.9% 10.3%

A mortgage loan is a loan that a person makes to purchase a house. [link] provides a list of the mortgage interest rate being charged for several different years and the rate of inflation for each of those years. In which years would it have been better to be a person borrowing money from a bank to buy a home? In which years would it have been better to be a bank lending money?

Year Mortgage Interest Rate Inflation Rate
1984 12.4% 4.3%
1990 10% 5.4%
2001 7.0% 2.8%

this means that the demand curve have negative relationship with the price ..which means that when high price low demand of the product and vice versa so higher price will shirnk the demand of product
Higher price level ∴Real value of household wealth increase ∴Net export decrease ∴More money needed, interest rate increase, investment decrease
sirius
net export decrease
Cyril
a person has 60birr to buy two commodities,x and y the price of x is four birr unit the price of y is two birr unit his utility functio given by u=xy+2x determine the budget equation
the budget equation will be- 60 birr= 4x+2y
Ramu
What are the various reasons for the Federal Reserve to increase the fed rates?
What is unemployment
Unemployment is a term used to describe people who do not hold a paying job
JASON
what are the causes of unemployment
evans
unemployment refer to the situation in which people searching job but they have no. it also refers in which marginal productivity in zero.
Ramu
Causes of unemployment are: 1: Over Population 2: Break down of the family system 3: Rural/Urban Migration
Umar
unemployment simply means, in the situation where by people are looking for a job and their could achieve it.
Faruk
suppose you're the economist of ethiopia; when the country is face high rate of inflation what you recommend as one economist?
if consumer spend all their incomes on consumption what does it mean?
Roba
if the government spends more of its revenue on development infrastructure from the budget it have and lower tax collection the budget deficit will run why?
Roba
because tax is less than revenue
Bhat
what is demand
Demand is the quantity of goods and services that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices over a given period of time
demand is the ability back the willingness to purchase something with a specific price within a period of time
Ousman
the total value of goods and services produced by a coutry in it's own territorial area( mainly in a year) is called GDP
GDP- the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.
fareeha
What is the formula for propensity to save
Zubair
there is no formula for propensity to save but it has a two types one is average propensity to save and marginal propensity to save where Apc is equal to saving divide by income and mpc is equal to change in saving due change in income
Bhat
yes ooo
Sunday
yes
Ahmed
okay
kawu
what is time in economics?
Sunday
what is gross domestic product
what is macroeconomics
this is the branch of economics that deals with wide range
Ousman
what is macroeconomics
what is macroeconomic analysis
Macroeconomics is a branch of the economics that studies how the aggregate economy behaves. In macroeconomics, a variety of economy-wide phenomena is thoroughly examined such as inflation, price levels, rate of growth, national income, gross domestic product (GDP) and changes in unemployment Read m
wasay
Macroeconomics is a branch of the economics that studies how the aggregate economy behaves. In macroeconomics, a variety of economy-wide phenomena is thoroughly examined such as inflation, price levels, rate of growth, national income, gross domestic product (GDP) and changes in unemployment
wasay
what is wage in economics?
Sunday
what is economic
Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work.
Economics is the brench of science that deals with the study of human behavior as it related to end or scare means which have alternative used.
Jimmy
Economics is a science that studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses
Don
Economics as a social science does not have a definite definition, because it has been defined by many economist the most appropriate one was the one defined by Lord Lionel Robbin in 1932. He defined economics as a social science which study human behavior as a relationship between end and scare m..
Ernest
what is inflation
Inflation is simply a situation in an economy where there is a persistent rise or increase in the prices of goods and services in a particular year(say current year)
JERRY
It can still be defined as a situation in an economy where there's a persistent fall in the value of money
JERRY
it is the persistent rise in the general price of goods and services in an economy leading to the fall in the values of money
Muafue
It could mean the central bank has a deficit in reserve unable to cope with low export and exit of foreign investments.
Wong
inflation is the general increase in a commodity with in a country.
Jimmy
Mr Fallah please take the definition again that one is not clear
Muafue
the persistence in general price of commodities
ezechy
The persistence rise in the general price level
Muafue
The persistence rise in general price of commodities
Delhill
Inflation is the persistent increase in price of goods and services over a given period of time.
Ernest
what is willingness
Is a person Able,Capable and Anxious to something
Muafue
Is when a person is able,capable and Anxious to do something
Muafue
thanks sir g.
Bilal
u are welcome
Muafue
where you from
Bilal
Cameroon
Muafue
And you
Muafue
Pakistan
Bilal
How far are you in Education
Muafue
who about my question What is MPC
sabawoon
is marginal propensity to consume
Muafue
a little more
sabawoon
sorry muafue sir you are little bit wrong about willingness *willingness reffers how much wants . it could be wants for payment or wants for something to do.
MPC reffers *How much want to consume*.
MPC is Marginal Propensity to Consume. MPC is proportion of additional spent on consumption.
Bon
MPC is Marginal Propensity to Consume. MPC is the proportion of additional income spent on consumption.
Bon
What is difference between GNP and GDP?
Zahid
GNP is gross national product. In calculating GNP we include net national income from abroad while GDP is gross domestic product and in calculating it we use on expenditure, income and output from within the country. My name is JERRY NGONDA from Cameron
JERRY
GNP.the total value of good $service currently produce w a given period of time by domestic owner GNP=NFI+GDP:GDP is a market value of final good$service currently produce in a given period of time w in a country boundery or territors.its take produce currently \$etc
yes.no suggestions
when spending by the federal government exceeds net taxes?
explain the difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics
Rahmo
Macroeconomics is the study of economics at the aggregate level while Micro is at the individual level.
Umar
Both indifference curve and isoquant do not intersect TRUE OR FALSE and justify your statement
John
what is long run and short run period
Kennedy