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By the end of this section, you will be able to:
  • Explain how the ideas and products of late nineteenth-century inventors contributed to the rise of big business
  • Explain how the inventions of the late nineteenth century changed everyday American life
A timeline shows important events of the era. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil; a photograph of Rockefeller is shown. In 1873, Andrew Carnegie founds Carnegie Steel, and the Panic of 1873 triggers extended depression; a drawing of the Carnegie Steel factory is shown. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone; a photograph of Bell is shown. In 1877, the Great Railroad Strike lasts forty-five days; a drawing of the strike is shown. In 1879, Thomas Edison invents the light bulb; a diagram of Edison’s incandescent light bulb is shown. In 1886, a labor rally at Haymarket Square erupts in violence, and the American Federation of Labor is founded; an engraving depicting the Haymarket violence is shown. In 1892, the Homestead Steel Strike occurs; a magazine cover with a drawing of the newly surrendered strikers is shown.

The late nineteenth century was an energetic era of inventions and entrepreneurial spirit. Building upon the mid-century Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, as well as answering the increasing call from Americans for efficiency and comfort, the country found itself in the grip of invention fever, with more people working on their big ideas than ever before. In retrospect, harnessing the power of steam and then electricity in the nineteenth century vastly increased the power of man and machine, thus making other advances possible as the century progressed.

Facing an increasingly complex everyday life, Americans sought the means by which to cope with it. Inventions often provided the answers, even as the inventors themselves remained largely unaware of the life-changing nature of their ideas. To understand the scope of this zeal for creation, consider the U.S. Patent Office, which, in 1790—its first decade of existence—recorded only 276 inventions. By 1860, the office had issued a total of 60,000 patents. But between 1860 and 1890, that number exploded to nearly 450,000, with another 235,000 in the last decade of the century. While many of these patents came to naught, some inventions became lynchpins in the rise of big business and the country’s move towards an industrial-based economy, in which the desire for efficiency, comfort, and abundance could be more fully realized by most Americans.

An explosion of inventive energy

From corrugated rollers that could crack hard, homestead-grown wheat into flour to refrigerated train cars and garment-sewing machines ( [link] ), new inventions fueled industrial growth around the country. As late as 1880, fully one-half of all Americans still lived and worked on farms, whereas fewer than one in seven—mostly men, except for long-established textile factories in which female employees tended to dominate—were employed in factories. However, the development of commercial electricity by the close of the century, to complement the steam engines that already existed in many larger factories, permitted more industries to concentrate in cities, away from the previously essential water power. In turn, newly arrived immigrants sought employment in new urban factories. Immigration, urbanization, and industrialization coincided to transform the face of American society from primarily rural to significantly urban. From 1880 to 1920, the number of industrial workers in the nation quadrupled from 2.5 million to over 10 million, while over the same period urban populations doubled, to reach one-half of the country’s total population.

An advertisement shows a drawing of an elderly woman, who is wearing a traditional shawl and bonnet, knitting a stocking. Beneath her is a drawing of many rows of workers sewing in a factory and a close-up drawing of several young women making hosiery using modern equipment. The text reads “Cooper, Wells Ld. Seamless Hosiery. Manufactured at St. Joseph, Mich.”
Advertisements of the late nineteenth century promoted the higher quality and lower prices that people could expect from new inventions. Here, a knitting factory promotes the fact that its machines make seamless hose, while still acknowledging the traditional role of women in the garment industry, from grandmothers who used to sew by hand to young women who now used machines.

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In biology, a pathogen (Greek: πάθος pathos "suffering", "passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is anything that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ. The term pathogen came into use in the 1880s.[1][2
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Source:  OpenStax, U.s. history. OpenStax CNX. Jan 12, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11740/1.3
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