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marginal revenue = price

The formula for marginal revenue is:

marginal revenue =  change in total revenue change in quantity
Price Quantity Total Revenue Marginal Revenue
$4 1 $4 -
$4 2 $8 $4
$4 3 $12 $4
$4 4 $16 $4

Notice that marginal revenue does not change as the firm produces more output. That is because the price is determined by supply and demand and does not change as the farmer produces more (keeping in mind that, due to the relative small size of each firm, increasing their supply has no impact on the total market supply where price is determined).

Since a perfectly competitive firm is a price taker, it can sell whatever quantity it wishes at the market-determined price. Marginal cost, the cost per additional unit sold, is calculated by dividing the change in total cost by the change in quantity. The formula for marginal cost is:

marginal cost =  change in total cost change in quantity

Ordinarily, marginal cost changes as the firm produces a greater quantity.

In the raspberry farm example, shown in [link] , [link] and [link] , marginal cost at first declines as production increases from 10 to 20 to 30 packs of raspberries—which represents the area of increasing marginal returns that is not uncommon at low levels of production. But then marginal costs start to increase, displaying the typical pattern of diminishing marginal returns. If the firm is producing at a quantity where MR>MC, like 40 or 50 packs of raspberries, then it can increase profit by increasing output because the marginal revenue is exceeding the marginal cost. If the firm is producing at a quantity where MC>MR, like 90 or 100 packs, then it can increase profit by reducing output because the reductions in marginal cost will exceed the reductions in marginal revenue. The firm’s profit-maximizing choice of output will occur where MR = MC (or at a choice close to that point). You will notice that what occurs on the production side is exemplified on the cost side. This is referred to as duality.

Marginal revenues and marginal costs at the raspberry farm: individual farmer

The market-level graph shows that the equilibrium price ($4.00) is determined through the interaction between market demand and market supply.
For a perfectly competitive firm, the marginal revenue (MR) curve is a horizontal straight line because it is equal to the price of the good, which is determined by the market, shown in [link] . The marginal cost (MC) curve is sometimes first downward-sloping, if there is a region of increasing marginal returns at low levels of output, but is eventually upward-sloping at higher levels of output as diminishing marginal returns kick in.

Marginal revenues and marginal costs at the raspberry farm: raspberry market

The firm-level graph shows how a firm uses the market price to determine its profit-maximizing level of output.
The equilibrium price of raspberries is determined through the interaction of market supply and market demand at $4.00.
Marginal revenues and marginal costs at the raspberry farm
Quantity Total Cost Fixed Cost Variable Cost Marginal Cost Total Revenue Marginal Revenue
0 $62 $62 - - - -
10 $90 $62 $28 $2.80 $40 $4.00
20 $110 $62 $48 $2.00 $80 $4.00
30 $126 $62 $64 $1.60 $120 $4.00
40 $144 $62 $82 $1.80 $160 $4.00
50 $166 $62 $104 $2.20 $200 $4.00
60 $192 $62 $130 $2.60 $240 $4.00
70 $224 $62 $162 $3.20 $280 $4.00
80 $264 $62 $202 $4.00 $320 $4.00
90 $324 $62 $262 $6.00 $360 $4.00
100 $404 $62 $342 $8.00 $400 $4.00

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Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
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Prevent foreign microbes to the host
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they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
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They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
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cell is the smallest unit of life
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cell is the structural and functional unit of life
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is the fundamental units of Life
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part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
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Binomial nomenclature
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Source:  OpenStax, Principles of economics. OpenStax CNX. Sep 19, 2014 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11613/1.11
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