# 9.3 Misuse of statistics

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## Misuse of statistics

In many cases groups can gain an advantage by misleading people with the misuse of statistics.

Common techniques used include:

• Three dimensional graphs.
• Axes that do not start at zero.
• Axes without scales.
• Graphic images that convey a negative or positive mood.
• Assumption that a correlation shows a necessary causality.
• Using statistics that are not truly representative of the entire population.
• Using misconceptions of mathematical concepts

For example, the following pairs of graphs show identical information but look very different. Explain why.

## Exercises - misuse of statistics

1. A company has tried to give a visual representation of the increase in their earnings from one year to the next. Does the graph below convince you? Critically analyse the graph. Click here for the solution
2. In a study conducted on a busy highway, data was collected about drivers breaking the speed limit and the colour of the car they were driving. The data were collected during a 20 minute time interval during the middle of the day, and are presented in a table and pie chart below.
• Conclusions made by a novice based on the data are summarised as follows:
• “People driving white cars are more likely to break the speed limit.”
• “Drivers in blue and red cars are more likely to stick to the speed limit.”
• Do you agree with these conclusions? Explain.
3. A record label produces a graphic, showing their advantage in sales over their competitors. Identify at least three devices they have used to influence and mislead the readers impression. Click here for the solution
4. In an effort to discredit their competition, a tour bus company prints the graph shown below. Their claim is that the competitor is losing business. Can you think of a better explanation? Click here for the solution
5. To test a theory, 8 different offices were monitored for noise levels and productivity of the employees in the office. The results are graphed below. The following statement was then made: “If an office environment is noisy, this leads to poor productivity.”Explain the flaws in this thinking.

## Summary of definitions

• The mean of a data set, $x$ , denoted by $\overline{x}$ , is the average of the data values, and is calculated as:
$\overline{x}=\frac{\mathrm{sum}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{values}}{\mathrm{number}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{values}}$
• The median is the centre data value in a data set that has been ordered from lowest to highest
• The mode is the data value that occurs most often in a data set.

The following presentation summarises what you have learnt in this chapter. Ignore the chapter number and any exercise numbers in the presentation.

## Summary

• Data types
• Collecting data
• Samples and populations
• Grouping data TallyFrequency bins
• Graphing data Bar and compound bar graphsHistograms and frequency polygons Pie chartsLine and broken line graphs
• Summarising data
• Central tendency MeanMedian ModeDispersion RangeQuartiles Inter-quartile rangePercentiles
• Misuse of stats

## Exercises

1. Calculate the mean, median, and mode of Data Set 3.
2. The tallest 7 trees in a park have heights in metres of 41, 60, 47, 42, 44, 42, and 47. Find the median of their heights.
3. The students in Bjorn's class have the following ages: 5, 9, 1, 3, 4, 6, 6, 6, 7, 3. Find the mode of their ages.
4. The masses (in kg, correct to the nearest 0,1 kg) of thirty people were measured as follows:
 45,1 57,9 67,9 57,4 50,7 61,1 63,9 67,5 69,7 71,7 68,0 63,2 58,7 56,9 78,5 59,7 54,4 66,4 51,6 47,7 70,9 54,8 59,1 60,3 60,1 52,6 74,9 72,1 49,5 49,8
1. Copy the frequency table below, and complete it.
 Mass (in kg) Tally Number of people $45,0\le m<50,0$ $50,0\le m<55,0$ $55,0\le m<60,0$ $60,0\le m<65,0$ $65,0\le m<70,0$ $70,0\le m<75,0$ $75,0\le m<80,0$
2. Draw a frequency polygon for this information.
3. What can you conclude from looking at the graph?
5. An engineering company has designed two different types of engines for motorbikes. The two different motorbikes are tested for the time it takes (in seconds) for them to accelerate from 0 km/h to 60 km/h.
 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Test 6 Test 7 Test 8 Test 9 Test 10 Average Bike 1 1.55 1.00 0.92 0.80 1.49 0.71 1.06 0.68 0.87 1.09 Bike 2 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1
1. What measure of central tendency should be used for this information?
2. Calculate the average you chose in the previous question for each motorbike.
3. Which motorbike would you choose based on this information? Take note of accuracy of the numbers from each set of tests.
6. The heights of 40 learners are given below.
 154 140 145 159 150 132 149 150 138 152 141 132 169 173 139 161 163 156 157 171 168 166 151 152 132 142 170 162 146 152 142 150 161 138 170 131 145 146 147 160
1. Set up a frequency table using 6 intervals.
2. Calculate the approximate mean.
3. Determine the mode.
4. How many learners are taller than your approximate average in (b)?
7. In a traffic survey, a random sample of 50 motorists were asked the distance they drove to work daily. This information is shown in the table below.
 Distance in km 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 Frequency 4 5 9 10 7 8 3 2 2
1. Find the approximate mean.
2. What percentage of samples drove
1. less than 16 km?
2. more than 30 km?
3. between 16 km and 30 km daily?
8. A company wanted to evaluate the training programme in its factory. They gave the same task to trained and untrained employees and timed each one in seconds.
 Trained 121 137 131 135 130 128 130 126 132 127 129 120 118 125 134 Untrained 135 142 126 148 145 156 152 153 149 145 144 134 139 140 142
1. Find the medians and quartiles for both sets of data.
2. Find the Interquartile Range for both sets of data.
3. Comment on the results.
9. A small firm employs nine people. The annual salaries of the employers are:
 R600 000 R250 000 R200 000 R120 000 R100 000 R100 000 R100 000 R90 000 R80 000
1. Find the mean of these salaries.
2. Find the mode.
3. Find the median.
4. Of these three figures, which would you use for negotiating salary increases if you were a trade union official? Why?
10. The marks for a particular class test are listed here:
 67 58 91 67 58 82 71 51 60 84 31 67 96 64 78 71 87 78 89 38 69 62 60 73 60 87 71 49

Complete the frequency table using the given class intervals.

 Class Tally Frequency Mid-point Freq $×$ Midpt 30-39 34,5 40-49 44,5 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 Sum = Sum =

find the 15th term of the geometric sequince whose first is 18 and last term of 387
The given of f(x=x-2. then what is the value of this f(3) 5f(x+1)
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Abhi
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20/(×-6^2)
Salomon
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Salomon
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Salomon
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Salomon
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Abhi
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Abhi
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Kristine 2*2*2=8
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Cied
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At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
the Beer law works very well for dilute solutions but fails for very high concentrations. why?
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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