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Este modulo introduce las Series de Fourier y los coeficientes de Fourier usando los conceptos de eigenfunciones y bases. Veremos varios ejemplos de como descomponer una señal y de como encontrar sus coericientes de Fourier.

IntroducciÓN

Ya que los exponenciales complejos son eigenfunciones para los sistemas lineares invariantes en el tiempo (LTI), calcular los resultados de un sistema LTI dado s t como una entrada nos lleva a una simple multiplicación, donde H s es una constante (que depende de S). En la figura mostrada abajo tenemos un simple exponencial como entrada que da el siguiente resultado:

y t H s s t

Un simple sistema LTI.

Usando esto y el hecho que es linear, calcular y t para las combinaciones de exponentes complejos se vuelve fácil de hacer. Esta propiedad de linealidad es descrita por las dos ecuaciones mostradas abajo–donde se muestra la entrada del sistema linear H en el lado izquierdo y la salida (resultado), y t , en el lado derecho:

  • c 1 s 1 t c 2 s 2 t c 1 H s 1 s 1 t c 2 H s 2 s 2 t
  • n c n s n t n c n H s n s n t

La acción que H ejerce en entradas como las que se muestran en estas dos ecuaciones son fáciles de explicar: escala independientemente del exponencial s n t con un numero complejo diferente H s n . De esta manera, si podemos describir la función f t como la combinación de exponentes complejos esto nos permitiría:

  • Calcular el resultado de fácilmente dado f t como una entrada (tomando en cuenta que conocemos los Eigenvalores H s )
  • Interpreta como manipula f t

Series de fourier

Joseph Fourier demostróque para una función periódica-T f t puede ser escrita como una combinación linear de senosoidales complejos armónicos.

f t n c n ω 0 n t
Donde ω 0 2 T es la frecuencia fundamental. Para casi todas f t de interés practico, existe c n que hace la verdadera. Si f t es de energía finita ( f t L 0 T 2 ), entonces la igualdad de sostienen la idea de convergencia de energía; si f t es continua, entonces sostiene la idea punto por punto. También si f t tiene algunas condiciones intermedias (las condiciones de DIRICHLET), la ecuación se sostiene punto por punto en todas partes excepto en los puntos de descontinuidad.

Los c n -son conocidos como los coeficientes de Fourier - que nos dicen“que tanto”del sinusoidal ω 0 n t esta presente en f t . esencialmente descompone f t en pedazos, los cuales son procesados fácilmente por una sistema LTI (ya que existe una Eigenfuncion para cada sistema LTI). En términos matemáticos, nos dice de un conjunto de exponenciales complejos armónicos n n ω 0 n t forman una base para el espacio de funciones T-periódicas continuas. Aquíse muestran algunos ejemplos que les ayudaran a pensar en una señal o función, f t , en términos de sus funciones exponenciales bases.

Ejemplos

Para cada una de las funciones de abajo, descomponlas en sus partes más“simples”y encuentra sus coeficientes de Fourier. Oprima para ver la solución.

f t ω 0 t

La parte mas confusa de esta problema es de encontrar la manera de representar esta función en términos de sus base, ω 0 n t . Para hacer esto, nosotros usaremos nuestro conocimiento de la relación de Euler para representar nuestra función de coseno en términos de su exponencial. f t 1 2 ω 0 t ω 0 t Con esta forma y con , al inspeccionarla podemos ver que nuestros coeficientes son: c n 1 2 n 1 0

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Source:  OpenStax, Señales y sistemas. OpenStax CNX. Sep 28, 2006 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10373/1.2
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