3.3 Nonstandard interpretations (optional)

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How non-standard interpretations can provide insight into tough problems.

Prime factorization

Note that there are other possible interpretations of $\mathrm{prime}$ . For example, since one can multiply integer matrices,there might be a useful concept ofprime matrices.

For example: Consider only the numbers $F=\{1, 5, 9, 13, \}$ that is, $F=\{k\colon k\in \mathbb{N}\}$ . It's easy to verify that multiplying two of these numbers still resultsin a number of the form $4k+1$ . Thus it makes sense to talk of factoring such numbers:We'd say that 45 factors into $59$ , but 9 is consideredprime since it doesn't factor into smaller elements of $F$ .

Interestingly, within $F$ , we lose unique factorization: $441=9\times 49=21\times 21$ , where each of 9, 21, and 49 are prime, relative to $F$ ! (Mathematicians will then go and look for exactly whatproperty of a multiplication function are needed, to guarantee unique factorization.)

The point is, that all relations in logical formula need to be interpreted. Usually, for numbers, we usea standard interpretation, but one can consider those formulas in different, non-standard interpretations!

The poincarDisc

A long outstanding problem was that of Euclid's parallel postulate: Given a line and a point not on the line,how many lines parallel to the first go through that point? Euclid took this as an axiom(unable to prove that it followed from his other axioms). Non-Euclidean geometries of Lobachevsky and Riemann took differentpostulates, and got different geometries. However, it was not clear whether these geometrieswere sound whether one could derive two different results that were inconsistent with each other.

Henri Poincardeveloped an ingenious method for showing that certain non-Euclidean geometries are consistentor at least, as consistent as Euclidean geometry.Remember that in Euclidean geometry, the conceptspointandlineare left undefined, and axioms are built on top of them ( e.g. ,two different lines have at most one point in common). While it's usually left to common sense to interpretpoint,line, anda point is on a line, any interpretation which satisfies the axiomsmeans that all theorems of geometry will hold.

The Poincardisc is one such interpretation:pointis taken to meana point in the interior of the unit disc, andlineis taken to meana circular arc which meets the unit disc at right angles. So a statement liketwo points determine a linecan be interpreted as

[*] For any two pointsinside the disc, there is exactly one circular arc which meets the disc at right angles.
Indeed, this interpretation preserves all of Euclid's postulates except for the parallel postulate. You can see thatfor a given line and a point not on it, there are an infinite number of parallel (that is, non-intersecting) lines.

(Note that the distance function is very different within the Poincardisc; in fact the perimeter of the disc is off at infinity.Angles, however, do happen to be preserved.)

find the 15th term of the geometric sequince whose first is 18 and last term of 387
I know this work
salma
The given of f(x=x-2. then what is the value of this f(3) 5f(x+1)
hmm well what is the answer
Abhi
how do they get the third part x = (32)5/4
can someone help me with some logarithmic and exponential equations.
20/(×-6^2)
Salomon
okay, so you have 6 raised to the power of 2. what is that part of your answer
I don't understand what the A with approx sign and the boxed x mean
it think it's written 20/(X-6)^2 so it's 20 divided by X-6 squared
Salomon
I'm not sure why it wrote it the other way
Salomon
I got X =-6
Salomon
ok. so take the square root of both sides, now you have plus or minus the square root of 20= x-6
oops. ignore that.
so you not have an equal sign anywhere in the original equation?
hmm
Abhi
is it a question of log
Abhi
🤔.
Abhi
I rally confuse this number And equations too I need exactly help
salma
But this is not salma it's Faiza live in lousvile Ky I garbage this so I am going collage with JCTC that the of the collage thank you my friends
salma
Commplementary angles
hello
Sherica
im all ears I need to learn
Sherica
right! what he said ⤴⤴⤴
Tamia
hii
Uday
hi
salma
what is a good calculator for all algebra; would a Casio fx 260 work with all algebra equations? please name the cheapest, thanks.
a perfect square v²+2v+_
kkk nice
algebra 2 Inequalities:If equation 2 = 0 it is an open set?
or infinite solutions?
Kim
The answer is neither. The function, 2 = 0 cannot exist. Hence, the function is undefined.
Al
y=10×
if |A| not equal to 0 and order of A is n prove that adj (adj A = |A|
rolling four fair dice and getting an even number an all four dice
Kristine 2*2*2=8
Differences Between Laspeyres and Paasche Indices
No. 7x -4y is simplified from 4x + (3y + 3x) -7y
how do you translate this in Algebraic Expressions
Need to simplify the expresin. 3/7 (x+y)-1/7 (x-1)=
. After 3 months on a diet, Lisa had lost 12% of her original weight. She lost 21 pounds. What was Lisa's original weight?
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
what is nano technology
what is system testing?
preparation of nanomaterial
Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
what is system testing
what is the application of nanotechnology?
Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world
Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world
Prasenjit
how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?
Damian
silver nanoparticles could handle the job?
Damian
not now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials
Azam
Hello
Uday
I'm interested in Nanotube
Uday
this technology will not going on for the long time , so I'm thinking about femtotechnology 10^-15
Prasenjit
can nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world
At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
the Beer law works very well for dilute solutions but fails for very high concentrations. why?
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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