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One of the more tangible results of this research was the development of the Pascal programming language by Niklaus Wirth in 1971. Pascal was designed for teaching structured programming in academic environments and rapidly became the preferred programming languages in most universities.

In the 1980s, there is a revolution brewing in the software community: object- oriented programming . Objects are essentially reusable software components that model items in the real world. Software developers are discovering that using a modular, object-oriented design and implementation approach can make software development groups much more productive than with previous popular programming techniques such as structured programming.

Object-oriented programming refers to the creation of reusable software objects that can be easily incorporated into another program. An object is programming code and data that can be treated as an individual unit or component. Data refers to information contained within variables, constants, or other types of storage structures. The procedures associated with an object are referred as functions or methods . Variables that are associated with an object are referred to as properties or attributes . Object-oriented programming allows programmers to use programming objects that they have written themselves or that have been written by others.

Problem solution and software development

No matter what field of work you choose, you may have to solve problems. Many of these can be solved quickly and easily. Still others require considerable planning and forethought if the solution is to be appropriate and efficient.

Creating a program is no different because a program is a solution developed to solve a particular problem. As such, writing a program is almost the last step in a process of first determining what the problem is and the method that will be used to solve the problem.

One technique used by professional software developers for understanding the problem that is being solved and for creating an effective and appropriate software solution is called the software development procedure. The procedure consists of three overlapping phases

- Development and Design

- Documentation

- Maintenance

As a discipline, software engineering is concerned with creating readable, efficient, reliable, and maintainable programs and systems.

Phase i: development and design

The first phase consists of four steps:

1. analyze the problem

This step is required to ensure that the problem is clearly defined and understood. The person doing the analysis has to analyze the problem requirements in order to understand what the program must do, what outputs are required and what inputs are needed. Understanding the problem is very important. Do not start to solve the problem until you have understood clearly the problem.

2. develop a solution

Programming is all about solving problems. In this step,

you have to develop an algorithm to solve a given problem. Algorithm is a sequence of steps that describes how the data are to be processed to produce the desired outputs.

Questions & Answers

the diagram of the digestive system
Assiatu Reply
allimentary cannel
Ogenrwot
How does twins formed
William Reply
They formed in two ways first when one sperm and one egg are splited by mitosis or two sperm and two eggs join together
Oluwatobi
what is genetics
Josephine Reply
Genetics is the study of heredity
Misack
how does twins formed?
Misack
What is manual
Hassan Reply
discuss biological phenomenon and provide pieces of evidence to show that it was responsible for the formation of eukaryotic organelles
Joseph Reply
what is biology
Yousuf Reply
the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments
AI-Robot
the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environment.
Wine
discuss the biological phenomenon and provide pieces of evidence to show that it was responsible for the formation of eukaryotic organelles in an essay form
Joseph Reply
what is the blood cells
Shaker Reply
list any five characteristics of the blood cells
Shaker
lack electricity and its more savely than electronic microscope because its naturally by using of light
Abdullahi Reply
advantage of electronic microscope is easily and clearly while disadvantage is dangerous because its electronic. advantage of light microscope is savely and naturally by sun while disadvantage is not easily,means its not sharp and not clear
Abdullahi
cell theory state that every organisms composed of one or more cell,cell is the basic unit of life
Abdullahi
is like gone fail us
DENG
cells is the basic structure and functions of all living things
Ramadan
What is classification
ISCONT Reply
is organisms that are similar into groups called tara
Yamosa
in what situation (s) would be the use of a scanning electron microscope be ideal and why?
Kenna Reply
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is ideal for situations requiring high-resolution imaging of surfaces. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and geology to examine the topography and composition of samples at a nanoscale level. SEM is particularly useful for studying fine details,
Hilary
cell is the building block of life.
Condoleezza Reply
what is cell divisoin?
Aron Reply
Diversity of living thing
ISCONT
what is cell division
Aron Reply
Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It is a fundamental process in all living organisms and is essential for growth, development, and reproduction. Cell division can occur through either mitosis or meiosis.
AI-Robot
What is life?
Allison Reply
life is defined as any system capable of performing functions such as eating, metabolizing,excreting,breathing,moving,Growing,reproducing,and responding to external stimuli.
Mohamed
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Source:  OpenStax, Programming fundamentals in c++. OpenStax CNX. Jul 29, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10788/1.1
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