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Staff members who show symptoms of viral infection should be identified and kept away from food processing areas. If a food handler has a viral infection, then it is very easy to spread that virus. It is good practice to have a return to work policy in place for staff who have been absent as a result of a viral infection, allowing you thus to identify any viral symptoms that may still be present.

Viruses can be transmitted in water; potable water must, therefore, be used for ice- making or as an ingredient in food.

Parasites

Parasites can be uni-cellular or multi-cellular microorganisms. They can colonize in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals.

More often than not these parasites have really complex life cycles where they may be in a human’s intestinal tract for a long period of time and shed cysts. These cysts are a protected form of themselves and can infect other people or animals when they are consumed.

The most common food-borne parasites are protozoan parasites and parasitic worms.

Protozoan parasites

Protozoan parasites, which are uni-cellular organisms, are the most common food-borne (or water-borne) parasites. They are so common in some parts of the world that they are endemic. Examples of protozoan parasites include

  • Giardia lamblia
  • Cryptosporidium parvum
  • Cyclospora cayetanesis
  • Toxoplasma gondii

Parasitic worms

Parasitic worms are small, multi-cellular organisms which can colonize in the gastrointestinal tract or other tissues of humans or animals.

Some common parasitic worms include

  • Anasakis simplex and related worms
  • other seafood-associated parasitic worms
  • Trichinella spiralis and related Trichinella species
  • Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura .

Controlling parasites

Since parasites can be found in feces, there is a risk of contamination when using manure for fruit and vegetable crops. Consider using compost that does not contain manure to remove the risk of this parasitic contamination.

Since parasites can live in water, you must use potable water for the washing, packing, and processing food products.

Thermal processing can destroy parasites; so if appropriate, use this treatment to remove the parasite risk.

General control points for biological hazards

Product Specification

It is important to be aware of the presence and number of microorganisms in food. Many raw materials, therefore, have microbiological standards. It is common in the food industry to have specifications for the absence of microbiological contaminants.

Control Mechanisms

Physical and chemical control mechanisms significantly affect the survival and multiplication of microorganisms; for example, a reduction in pH in fruit juice by the addition of ascorbic acid can prevent microorganisms from multiplying.

Time and temperature are important control points since cooking or freezing rapidly can prevent the growth of biological contaminants. Freezing usually stops the multiplication of microorganisms; however it does not kill them. Thermal processing will kill most biological hazards.

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
Aislinn Reply
cm
tijani
what is titration
John Reply
what is physics
Siyaka Reply
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Jude Reply
Can you compute that for me. Ty
Jude
what is the dimension formula of energy?
David Reply
what is viscosity?
David
what is inorganic
emma Reply
what is chemistry
Youesf Reply
what is inorganic
emma
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics
Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
Sahid Reply
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
Ryan
what's motion
Maurice Reply
what are the types of wave
Maurice
answer
Magreth
progressive wave
Magreth
hello friend how are you
Muhammad Reply
fine, how about you?
Mohammed
hi
Mujahid
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
yasuo Reply
Who can show me the full solution in this problem?
Reofrir Reply
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Source:  OpenStax, Food safety knowledge network basic level requirements. OpenStax CNX. Dec 30, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11142/1.4
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