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Natuurwetenskappe

Graad 8

Materie: klassifikasie

Module 16

Kristalle en oplossings

  • In die vorige eenheid is verwys na die vorming van sneeuvlokkies.

Sneeukristalle

  • Elke sneeuvlokkie is uniek. Elke vlokkie vorm wanneer waterdamp in die lug kondenseer tot sneeukristalle.
  • Sneeukristalle groei 6 “arms” uit ‘n seshoekige prisma uit.
  • Elke “arm” groei anders as gevolg van voortdurende klein temperatuurveranderinge.
  • Sneeukristalle kombineer om sneeuvlokkies te vorm.
  • Van die wêreld se waardevolste stene bestaan uit vaste stof in die vorm van kristalle.
  • Diamante, robyne en saffiere is voorbeelde van edelgesteentes. Die atome van hierdie kristalle vorm spesifieke patrone.
  • Kristalle het plat kante wat ons fasette noem - dit kan driehoekig, reghoekig of menige vorme aanneem.
  • Minerale kan volgens hulle kristalvorme geïdentifiseer word.
  • Kristalle se basiese vorms verskil - tafelsout s’n is byvoorbeeld kubies.
  • Meeste kristalle moet eers gepoleer word voordat hulle mooi lyk.

 Het jy geweet? 

Sand bestaan uit kwartskristalle. Hulle vorm deurdat hulle gedurig teen mekaar stamp en skuur.

Lees meer op oor KWARTSHORLOSIES

Google.com (quartz +sand)

Rochhounding ar.com

Klasaktiwiteit: Maak van Oplossings

  • Vul die glasbeker met koue water.
  • Voeg ‘n teelepel sout/suiker by en roer.
  • Hou aan totdat die stof nie meer wil oplos nie.

1. Hoeveel teelepels stof moes jy ingooi?

  • Herhaal die eksperiment, maar gebruik nou dieselfde hoeveelheid warm water.

2. Wat neem jy waar?

3. Watter gevolgtrekking kan jy maak?

4. Verklaar waarom die warm water meer effektief is as oplosmiddel:

  • Gooi die oplossings in ‘n horlosieglas uit en plaas dit vir ‘n paar dae op die vensterbank van die klaskamer.

5. Wat neem jy na ‘n paar dae waar?

6. Wat het van die water geword?

  • Kyk na die kristalle met vergrootglase of ‘n mikroskoop.
  • OPDRAG: Teken ‘n paar kristalle om hul vorm te toon.

Assessering vir demonstrasie

Kon jy die korrekte afleidings maak en jou bevindige kommunikeer?

[LU 1.3; 2.3]

Klasprojek

Opdrag:

Stel 'n wetenskaplike verslag saam van jou ondersoek.

Kweek jou eie kristalle tuis of in die klas

Jy benodig:

  • aluinpoeier (verkrygbaar by apteke)
  • glasflesse
  • gare en ‘n skêr
  • ‘n drinkstrooitjie
  • rubberrekkie
  • Vul die fles met warm water.
  • Voeg aluinpoeier by en los op soos in die vorige eksperiment - maak dus ‘n versadigde oplossing. Gebruik ‘n horlosieglas om kristalle te laat vorm.
  • Maak die kristalle met ‘n garingdraadjie aan ‘n strooitjie vas sodat dit driekwart in die fles met die oplossing afhang.
  • Buig die strooitjie buite om die fles en maak dit vas met ‘n rekkie sodat dit stewig in posisie bly.

Na ‘n paar dae sal jy kristalle sien groei.

LW! Jou onderwyser kan ook vir julle kopersulfaatkristalle in die klas laat kweek.

Assessering van klasprojek

Kon jy die eksperiment beplan, uitvoer, data evalueer en jou kennis toepas deur 'n korrek saamgestelde wetenskaplike verslag in te handig?

[LU 1.1; 1.2; 1.3; 2.4]

Probleemoplossing

Gestel jy het ‘n versadigde oplossing en jy laat toe dat oortollige kristalle onder in die beker bly lê. Waarom sal die kristalle verdwyn as jy die versadigde oplossing stadig begin verhit?

Assessering van probleemoplossing

Kon jy 'n aanvaarbare verklaring vir die probleem gee?

[LU 2.4]

 Het jy geweet? 

Die yslike rotse van Giant’s Causeway in Noord-Ierland is van gesmelte rots wat by skielike afkoeling heksagonale kristalle gevorm het.

www.geocities.com/amegman_uk/symmetry.html

Assessering

LU 1

Wetenskaplike Ondersoek

Die leerder is in staat om met selfvertroue op weetgierigheid oor natuurlike verskynsels te reageer, en om binne die konteks van wetenskap, tegnologie en die omgewing verbande te ondersoek en probleme op te los.

Dit is bewys as die leerder:

1.1 ondersoeke kan beplan;

1.2 ondersoeke kan uitvoer en data kan insamel;

1.3 data kan evalueer en bevindinge kan kommunikeer.

LU 2

Wetenskaplike Kennis

Die leerder ken, interpreteer en pas wetenskaplike, tegnologiese en omgewingskennis toe.

Dit is bewys as die leerder:

2.1 sinvolle inligting kan onthou;

2.2 inligting in kategorieë kan plaas;

2.3 inligting kan interpreteer;

2.4 kennis kan toepas.

Memorandum

Kristalle en oplossings

KLASAKTIWITEIT: MAAK van OPLOSSINGS

  • Warm water het meer energie en kristalle los vinniger hierin op
  • Verdamping lei tot kristallisasie

OPDRAG: KLASPROJEK

  • Wetenskaplike verslag moet insluit:

Doel

Metode

Materiale

Resultate

Gevolgtrekking

PROBLEEMOPLOSSING:

  • Warm water se deeltjies het meer kinetiese energie en is dus verder uitmekaar – daarom kan meer soutdeeltjies tussenin pas.

Questions & Answers

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Source:  OpenStax, Natuurwetenskappe graad 8. OpenStax CNX. Sep 12, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11049/1.1
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