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A cake is removed from the oven after baking thoroughly, and the temperature of the oven is 450 ° F . The temperature of the kitchen is 70 ° F , and after 10 minutes the temperature of the cake is 430 ° F .

  1. Write the appropriate initial-value problem to describe this situation.
  2. Solve the initial-value problem for T ( t ) .
  3. How long will it take until the temperature of the cake is within 5 ° F of room temperature?
  1. Initial-value problem
    d T d t = k ( T 70 ) , T ( 0 ) = 450
  2. T ( t ) = 70 + 380 e k t
  3. Approximately 114 minutes.
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Key concepts

  • A separable differential equation is any equation that can be written in the form y = f ( x ) g ( y ) .
  • The method of separation of variables is used to find the general solution to a separable differential equation.

Key equations

  • Separable differential equation
    y = f ( x ) g ( y )
  • Solution concentration
    d u d t = INFLOW RATE OUTFLOW RATE
  • Newton’s law of cooling
    d T d t = k ( T T s )

Solve the following initial-value problems with the initial condition y 0 = 0 and graph the solution.

d y d t = y + 1

y = e t 1

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d y d t = y + 1

y = 1 e t

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Find the general solution to the differential equation.

x 2 y = ( x + 1 ) y

y = C x e −1 / x

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y = 2 x y 2

y = 1 C x 2

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d y d t = y cos ( 3 t + 2 )

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2 x d y d x = y 2

y = 2 C + ln x

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( 1 + x ) y = ( x + 2 ) ( y 1 )

y = C e x ( x + 1 ) + 1

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d x d t = 3 t 2 ( x 2 + 4 )

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t d y d t = 1 y 2

y = sin ( ln t + C )

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Find the solution to the initial-value problem.

y = e y x , y ( 0 ) = 0

y = ln ( e x )

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y = y 2 ( x + 1 ) , y ( 0 ) = 2

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d y d x = y 3 x e x 2 , y ( 0 ) = 1

y = 1 2 e x 2

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d y d t = y 2 e x sin ( 3 x ) , y ( 0 ) = 1

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y = x sech 2 y , y ( 0 ) = 0

y = tanh −1 ( x 2 2 )

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y = 2 x y ( 1 + 2 y ) , y ( 0 ) = −1

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d x d t = ln ( t ) 1 x 2 , x ( 0 ) = 0

x = sin ( t t ln t )

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y = 3 x 2 ( y 2 + 4 ) , y ( 0 ) = 0

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y = e y 5 x , y ( 0 ) = ln ( ln ( 5 ) )

y = ln ( ln ( 5 ) ) ln ( 2 5 x )

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y = −2 x tan ( y ) , y ( 0 ) = π 2

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For the following problems, use a software program or your calculator to generate the directional fields. Solve explicitly and draw solution curves for several initial conditions. Are there some critical initial conditions that change the behavior of the solution?

[T] y = 1 2 y

y = C e −2 x + 1 2
A direction field with horizontal arrows pointing to the right at y = 0.5. Above 0.5, the arrows slope down and to the right and are increasingly vertical the further they are from y = 0.5 Below0.5, the arrows slope up and to the right and are increasingly vertical the further they are from y = 0.5.

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[T] y = y 3 e x

y = 1 2 C e x
A direction field with arrows pointing to the right. They are horizontal at the y axis. The further the arrows are from the axis, the more vertical they become. They point up above the x axis and down below the x axis.

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[T] y = y ln ( x )

y = C e x x x
A direction field with arrows pointing to the right. The arrows are flat on y = 1. The further the arrows are from that, the steeper they become. They point up above that line and down below that line.

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Most drugs in the bloodstream decay according to the equation y = c y , where y is the concentration of the drug in the bloodstream. If the half-life of a drug is 2 hours, what fraction of the initial dose remains after 6 hours?

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A drug is administered intravenously to a patient at a rate r mg/h and is cleared from the body at a rate proportional to the amount of drug still present in the body, d Set up and solve the differential equation, assuming there is no drug initially present in the body.

y = r d ( 1 e d t )

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[T] How often should a drug be taken if its dose is 3 mg, it is cleared at a rate c = 0.1 mg/h, and 1 mg is required to be in the bloodstream at all times?

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A tank contains 1 kilogram of salt dissolved in 100 liters of water. A salt solution of 0.1 kg salt/L is pumped into the tank at a rate of 2 L/min and is drained at the same rate. Solve for the salt concentration at time t . Assume the tank is well mixed.

y ( t ) = 10 9 e x / 50

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A tank containing 10 kilograms of salt dissolved in 1000 liters of water has two salt solutions pumped in. The first solution of 0.2 kg salt/L is pumped in at a rate of 20 L/min and the second solution of 0.05 kg salt/L is pumped in at a rate of 5 L/min. The tank drains at 25 L/min. Assume the tank is well mixed. Solve for the salt concentration at time t .

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Source:  OpenStax, Calculus volume 2. OpenStax CNX. Feb 05, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11965/1.2
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