# 3.1 Vector-valued functions and space curves  (Page 4/12)

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Calculate $\underset{t\to -2}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)$ for the function $\text{r}\left(t\right)=\sqrt{{t}^{2}-3t-1}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\left(4t+3\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{\left(t+1\right)\pi }{2}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}.$

$\underset{t\to -2}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)=3\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}-5\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}-\text{k}$

Now that we know how to calculate the limit of a vector-valued function, we can define continuity at a point for such a function.

## Definition

Let f, g, and h be functions of t. Then, the vector-valued function $\text{r}\left(t\right)=f\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+g\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}$ is continuous at point $t=a$ if the following three conditions hold:

1. $\text{r}\left(a\right)$ exists
2. $\underset{t\to a}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)$ exists
3. $\underset{t\to a}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)=\text{r}\left(a\right)$

Similarly, the vector-valued function $\text{r}\left(t\right)=f\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+g\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+h\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}$ is continuous at point $t=a$ if the following three conditions hold:

1. $\text{r}\left(a\right)$ exists
2. $\underset{t\to a}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)$ exists
3. $\underset{t\to a}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)=\text{r}\left(a\right)$

## Key concepts

• A vector-valued function is a function of the form $\text{r}\left(t\right)=f\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+g\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}$ or $\text{r}\left(t\right)=f\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+g\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+h\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k},$ where the component functions f, g, and h are real-valued functions of the parameter t .
• The graph of a vector-valued function of the form $\text{r}\left(t\right)=f\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+g\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}$ is called a plane curve . The graph of a vector-valued function of the form $\text{r}\left(t\right)=f\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+g\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+h\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}$ is called a space curve .
• It is possible to represent an arbitrary plane curve by a vector-valued function.
• To calculate the limit of a vector-valued function, calculate the limits of the component functions separately.

## Key equations

• Vector-valued function
$\text{r}\left(t\right)=f\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+g\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}\text{or}\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)=f\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+g\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+h\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k},\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{or}\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨f\left(t\right),g\left(t\right)⟩\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{or}\phantom{\rule{0.5em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨f\left(t\right),g\left(t\right),h\left(t\right)⟩$
• Limit of a vector-valued function
$\underset{t\to a}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)=\left[\underset{t\to a}{\text{lim}}f\left(t\right)\right]\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\left[\underset{t\to a}{\text{lim}}g\left(t\right)\right]\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{or}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\underset{t\to a}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)=\left[\underset{t\to a}{\text{lim}}f\left(t\right)\right]\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\left[\underset{t\to a}{\text{lim}}g\left(t\right)\right]\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+\left[\underset{t\to a}{\text{lim}}h\left(t\right)\right]\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}$

Give the component functions $x=f\left(t\right)$ and $y=g\left(t\right)$ for the vector-valued function $\text{r}\left(t\right)=3\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{sec}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+2\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{tan}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}.$

$f\left(t\right)=3\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{sec}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t,g\left(t\right)=2\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{tan}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t$

Given $\text{r}\left(t\right)=3\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{sec}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+2\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{tan}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j},$ find the following values (if possible).

1. $\text{r}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}\right)$
2. $\text{r}\left(\pi \right)$
3. $\text{r}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}\right)$

Sketch the curve of the vector-valued function $\text{r}\left(t\right)=3\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{sec}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+2\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{tan}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}$ and give the orientation of the curve. Sketch asymptotes as a guide to the graph.

Evaluate $\underset{t\to 0}{\text{lim}}⟨{e}^{t}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\frac{\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t}{t}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+{e}^{\text{−}t}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}⟩.$

Given the vector-valued function $\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t,\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t⟩,$ find the following values:

1. $\underset{t\to \frac{\pi }{4}}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)$
2. $\text{r}\left(\frac{\pi }{3}\right)$
3. Is $\text{r}\left(t\right)$ continuous at $t=\frac{\pi }{3}?$
4. Graph $\text{r}\left(t\right).$

a. $⟨\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}⟩,$ b. $⟨\frac{1}{2},\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}⟩,$ c. Yes, the limit as t approaches $\pi \text{/}3$ is equal to $\text{r}\left(\pi \text{/}3\right),$ d.

Given the vector-valued function $\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨t,{t}^{2}+1⟩,$ find the following values:

1. $\underset{t\to -3}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)$
2. $\text{r}\left(-3\right)$
3. Is $\text{r}\left(t\right)$ continuous at $x=-3?$
4. $\text{r}\left(t+2\right)-\text{r}\left(t\right)$

Let $\text{r}\left(t\right)={e}^{t}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}.$ Find the following values:

1. $\text{r}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}\right)$
2. $\underset{t\to \pi \text{/}4}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)$
3. Is $\text{r}\left(t\right)$ continuous at $t=t=\frac{\pi }{4}?$

a. $⟨{e}^{\pi \text{/}4},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\text{ln}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}\right)⟩;$ b. $⟨{e}^{\pi \text{/}4},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\text{ln}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}\right)⟩;$ c. Yes

Find the limit of the following vector-valued functions at the indicated value of t .

$\underset{t\to 4}{\text{lim}}⟨\sqrt{t-3},\frac{\sqrt{t}-2}{t-4},\text{tan}\left(\frac{\pi }{t}\right)⟩$

$\underset{t\to \pi \text{/}2}{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)$ for $\text{r}\left(t\right)={e}^{t}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}$

$⟨{e}^{\pi \text{/}2},1,\text{ln}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}\right)⟩$

$\underset{t\to \infty }{\text{lim}}⟨{e}^{-2t},\frac{2t+3}{3t-1},\text{arctan}\left(2t\right)⟩$

$\underset{t\to {e}^{2}}{\text{lim}}⟨t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{ln}\left(t\right),\frac{\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t}{{t}^{2}},\sqrt{\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\left({t}^{2}\right)}⟩$

$2{e}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\frac{2}{{e}^{4}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+2\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}$

$\underset{t\to \pi \text{/}6}{\text{lim}}⟨{\text{cos}}^{2}t,{\text{sin}}^{2}t,1⟩$

$\underset{t\to \infty }{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)$ for $\text{r}\left(t\right)=2{e}^{\text{−}t}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+{e}^{\text{−}t}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+\text{ln}\left(t-1\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}$

The limit does not exist because the limit of $\text{ln}\left(t-1\right)$ as t approaches infinity does not exist.

Describe the curve defined by the vector-valued function $\text{r}\left(t\right)=\left(1+t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\left(2+5t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+\left(-1+6t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}.$

Find the domain of the vector-valued functions.

Domain: $\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨{t}^{2},\text{tan}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t,\text{ln}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t⟩$

$t>0,t\ne \left(2k+1\right)\frac{\pi }{2},$ where k is an integer

Domain: $\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨{t}^{2},\sqrt{t-3},\frac{3}{2t+1}⟩$

Domain: $\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨\text{csc}\left(t\right),\frac{1}{\sqrt{t-3}},\text{ln}\left(t-2\right)⟩$

$t>3,t\ne n\pi ,$ where n is an integer

Let $\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t,t,\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t⟩$ and use it to answer the following questions.

For what values of t is $\text{r}\left(t\right)$ continuous?

Sketch the graph of $\text{r}\left(t\right).$

Find the domain of $\text{r}\left(t\right)=2{e}^{\text{−}t}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+{e}^{\text{−}t}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+\text{ln}\left(t-1\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}.$

For what values of t is $\text{r}\left(t\right)=2{e}^{\text{−}t}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+{e}^{\text{−}t}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+\text{ln}\left(t-1\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}$ continuous?

All t such that $t\in \left(1,\infty \right)$

Eliminate the parameter t , write the equation in Cartesian coordinates, then sketch the graphs of the vector-valued functions. ( Hint: Let $x=2t$ and $y={t}^{2}.$ Solve the first equation for x in terms of t and substitute this result into the second equation.)

$\text{r}\left(t\right)=2t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+{t}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}$

$\text{r}\left(t\right)={t}^{3}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+2t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}$

$y=2\sqrt[3]{x},$ a variation of the cube-root function

$\text{r}\left(t\right)=2\left(\text{sinh}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+2\left(\text{cosh}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j},t>0$

$\text{r}\left(t\right)=3\left(\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+3\left(\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}$

${x}^{2}+{y}^{2}=9,$ a circle centered at $\left(0,0\right)$ with radius 3, and a counterclockwise orientation

$\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨3\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t,3\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t⟩$

Use a graphing utility to sketch each of the following vector-valued functions:

[T] $\text{r}\left(t\right)=2\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}{t}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\left(2-\sqrt{t}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}$

[T] $\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨{e}^{\text{cos}\left(3t\right)},{e}^{\text{−}\text{sin}\left(t\right)}⟩$

[T] $\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨2-\text{sin}\left(2t\right),3+2\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t⟩$

Find a vector-valued function that traces out the given curve in the indicated direction.

$4{x}^{2}+9{y}^{2}=36;$ clockwise and counterclockwise

$\text{r}\left(t\right)=⟨t,{t}^{2}⟩;$ from left to right

For left to right, $y={x}^{2},$ where t increases

The line through P and Q where P is $\left(1,4,-2\right)$ and Q is $\left(3,9,6\right)$

Consider the curve described by the vector-valued function $\text{r}\left(t\right)=\left(50{e}^{\text{−}t}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\left(50{e}^{\text{−}t}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+\left(5-5{e}^{\text{−}t}\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}.$

What is the initial point of the path corresponding to $\text{r}\left(0\right)?$

$\left(50,0,0\right)$

What is $\underset{t\to \infty }{\text{lim}}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{r}\left(t\right)?$

[T] Use technology to sketch the curve.

Eliminate the parameter t to show that $z=5-\frac{r}{10}$ where $r={x}^{2}+{y}^{2}.$

[T] Let $r\left(t\right)=\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+0.3\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\left(2t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}.$ Use technology to graph the curve (called the roller-coaster curve ) over the interval $\left[0,2\pi \right).$ Choose at least two views to determine the peaks and valleys.

[T] Use the result of the preceding problem to construct an equation of a roller coaster with a steep drop from the peak and steep incline from the “valley.” Then, use technology to graph the equation.

Use the results of the preceding two problems to construct an equation of a path of a roller coaster with more than two turning points (peaks and valleys).

One possibility is $r\left(t\right)=\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+\text{sin}\left(4t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}.$ By increasing the coefficient of t in the third component, the number of turning points will increase.

1. Graph the curve $\text{r}\left(t\right)=\left(4+\text{cos}\left(18t\right)\right)\text{cos}\left(t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{i}+\left(4+\text{cos}\left(18t\right)\text{sin}\left(t\right)\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{j}+0.3\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\left(18t\right)\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{k}$ using two viewing angles of your choice to see the overall shape of the curve.
2. Does the curve resemble a “slinky”?
3. What changes to the equation should be made to increase the number of coils of the slinky?

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