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Key concepts

  • To determine the convergence of a sequence given by an explicit formula a n = f ( n ) , we use the properties of limits for functions.
  • If { a n } and { b n } are convergent sequences that converge to A and B , respectively, and c is any real number, then the sequence { c a n } converges to c · A , the sequences { a n ± b n } converge to A ± B , the sequence { a n · b n } converges to A · B , and the sequence { a n / b n } converges to A / B , provided B 0 .
  • If a sequence is bounded and monotone, then it converges, but not all convergent sequences are monotone.
  • If a sequence is unbounded, it diverges, but not all divergent sequences are unbounded.
  • The geometric sequence { r n } converges if and only if | r | < 1 or r = 1 .

Find the first six terms of each of the following sequences, starting with n = 1 .

a n = 1 + ( −1 ) n for n 1

a n = 0 if n is odd and a n = 2 if n is even

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a n = n 2 1 for n 1

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a 1 = 1 and a n = a n 1 + n for n 2

{ a n } = { 1 , 3 , 6 , 10 , 15 , 21 ,… }

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a 1 = 1 , a 2 = 1 and a n + 2 = a n + a n + 1 for n 1

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Find an explicit formula for a n where a 1 = 1 and a n = a n 1 + n for n 2 .

a n = n ( n + 1 ) 2

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Find a formula a n for the n th term of the arithmetic sequence whose first term is a 1 = 1 such that a n 1 a n = 17 for n 1 .

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Find a formula a n for the n th term of the arithmetic sequence whose first term is a 1 = −3 such that a n 1 a n = 4 for n 1 .

a n = 4 n 7

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Find a formula a n for the n th term of the geometric sequence whose first term is a 1 = 1 such that a n + 1 a n = 10 for n 1 .

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Find a formula a n for the n th term of the geometric sequence whose first term is a 1 = 3 such that a n + 1 a n = 1 / 10 for n 1 .

a n = 3.10 1 n = 30.10 n

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Find an explicit formula for the n th term of the sequence whose first several terms are { 0 , 3 , 8 , 15 , 24 , 35 , 48 , 63 , 80 , 99 ,… } . ( Hint: First add one to each term.)

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Find an explicit formula for the n th term of the sequence satisfying a 1 = 0 and a n = 2 a n 1 + 1 for n 2 .

a n = 2 n 1

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Find a formula for the general term a n of each of the following sequences.

{ 1 , 0 , −1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , −1 , 0 ,… } ( Hint: Find where sin x takes these values)

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{ 1 , 1 / 3 , 1 / 5 , 1 / 7 ,… }

a n = ( −1 ) n 1 2 n 1

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Find a function f ( n ) that identifies the n th term a n of the following recursively defined sequences, as a n = f ( n ) .

a 1 = 1 and a n + 1 = a n for n 1

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a 1 = 2 and a n + 1 = 2 a n for n 1

f ( n ) = 2 n

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a 1 = 1 and a n + 1 = ( n + 1 ) a n for n 1

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a 1 = 2 and a n + 1 = ( n + 1 ) a n / 2 for n 1

f ( n ) = n ! / 2 n 2

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a 1 = 1 and a n + 1 = a n / 2 n for n 1

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Plot the first N terms of each sequence. State whether the graphical evidence suggests that the sequence converges or diverges.

[T] a 1 = 1 , a 2 = 2 , and for n 2 , a n = 1 2 ( a n 1 + a n 2 ) ; N = 30

Terms oscillate above and below 5 / 3 and appear to converge to 5 / 3 .
This is a graph of an oscillating sequence. Terms oscillate above and below 5/3 and seem to converge to 5/3.

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[T] a 1 = 1 , a 2 = 2 , a 3 = 3 and for n 4 , a n = 1 3 ( a n 1 + a n 2 + a n 3 ) , N = 30

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[T] a 1 = 1 , a 2 = 2 , and for n 3 , a n = a n 1 a n 2 ; N = 30

Terms oscillate above and below y 1.57 ... and appear to converge to a limit.
This is a graph of the oscillating sequence. Terms oscillate above and below y = 1.57 and seem to converse to 1.57.

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[T] a 1 = 1 , a 2 = 2 , a 3 = 3 , and for n 4 , a n = a n 1 a n 2 a n 3 ; N = 30

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Suppose that lim n a n = 1 , lim n b n = −1 , and 0 < b n < a n for all n . Evaluate each of the following limits, or state that the limit does not exist, or state that there is not enough information to determine whether the limit exists.

lim n 3 a n 4 b n

7

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lim n 1 2 b n 1 2 a n

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lim n a n + b n a n b n

0

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lim n a n b n a n + b n

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Find the limit of each of the following sequences, using L’Hôpital’s rule when appropriate.

( n 1 ) 2 ( n + 1 ) 2

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n 1 / n ( Hint: n 1 / n = e 1 n ln n )

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For each of the following sequences, whose n th terms are indicated, state whether the sequence is bounded and whether it is eventually monotone, increasing, or decreasing.

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Source:  OpenStax, Calculus volume 2. OpenStax CNX. Feb 05, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11965/1.2
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