Remember that
molecular substances (e.g. covalent compounds) may also dissolve, but most will not form ions. One example is sugar.
There are exceptions to this and some molecular substances
will form ions when they dissolve. Hydrogen chloride for example can ionise to form hydrogen and chloride ions.
Interesting fact
The ability of ionic compounds to dissolve in water is extremely important in the human body! The body is made up of
cells , each of which is surrounded by a
membrane . Dissolved ions are found inside and outside of body cells in different concentrations. Some of these ions are positive (e.g.
) and some are negative (e.g.
). If there is a difference in the charge that is inside and outside the cell, then there is a
potential difference across the cell membrane. This is called the
membrane potential of the cell. The membrane potential acts like a battery and affects the movement of all charged substances across the membrane. Membrane potentials play a role in muscle functioning, digestion, excretion and in maintaining blood pH to name just a few. The movement of ions across the membrane can also be converted into an electric signal that can be transferred along
neurons (nerve cells), which control body processes. If ionic substances were not able to dissociate in water, then none of these processes would be possible! It is also important to realise that our bodies can
lose ions such as
,
,
,
, and
, for example when we sweat during exercise. Sports drinks such as Lucozade and Powerade are designed to replace these lost ions so that the body's normal functioning is not affected.
Write a balanced equation to show how silver nitrate (
) dissociates in water.
The cation is:
and the anion is:
Since we know both the anion and the cation that silver nitrate dissociates into we can write the following equation:
Ions in solution
For each of the following, say whether the substance is ionic or molecular.
potassium nitrate (
)
ethanol (
)
sucrose (a type of sugar) (
)
sodium bromide (
)
Write a balanced equation to show how each of the following ionic compounds dissociate in water.
sodium sulphate (
)
potassium bromide (
)
potassium permanganate (
)
sodium phosphate (
)
Ions and water hardness
This section is not examinable and is included as an example of ions in aqueous solution.
Water hardness
Water hardness is a measure of the mineral content of water. Minerals are substances such as calcite, quartz and mica that occur naturally as a result of geological processes.
Hard water is water that has a high mineral content. Water that has a low mineral content is known as
soft water . If water has a high mineral content, it usually contains high levels of metal ions, mainly calcium (
) and magnesium (
). The calcium enters the water from either
(limestone or chalk) or from mineral deposits of
. The main source of magnesium is a sedimentary rock called dolomite,
. Hard water may also contain other metals as well as bicarbonates and sulphates.
Questions & Answers
differentiate between demand and supply
giving examples
In economics, a perfect market refers to a theoretical construct where all participants have perfect information, goods are homogenous, there are no barriers to entry or exit, and prices are determined solely by supply and demand. It's an idealized model used for analysis,
When MP₁ becomes negative, TP start to decline.
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of lab
Kelo
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of labour (APL) and marginal product of labour (MPL)
Quantity demanded refers to the specific amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a give price and within a specific time period. Demand, on the other hand, is a broader concept that encompasses the entire relationship between price and quantity demanded
Ezea
ok
Shukri
how do you save a country economic situation when it's falling apart
Economic growth as an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services within an economy.but
Economic development as a broader concept that encompasses not only economic growth but also social & human well being.
Shukri
production function means
Jabir
What do you think is more important to focus on when considering inequality ?
sir...I just want to ask one question... Define the term contract curve? if you are free please help me to find this answer 🙏
Asui
it is a curve that we get after connecting the pareto optimal combinations of two consumers after their mutually beneficial trade offs
Awais
thank you so much 👍 sir
Asui
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities, where neither p
Cornelius
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities,
Cornelius
Suppose a consumer consuming two commodities X and Y has
The following utility function u=X0.4 Y0.6. If the price of the X and Y are 2 and 3 respectively and income Constraint is birr 50.
A,Calculate quantities of x and y which maximize utility.
B,Calculate value of Lagrange multiplier.
C,Calculate quantities of X and Y consumed with a given price.
D,alculate optimum level of output .
the market for lemon has 10 potential consumers, each having an individual demand curve p=101-10Qi, where p is price in dollar's per cup and Qi is the number of cups demanded per week by the i th consumer.Find the market demand curve using algebra. Draw an individual demand curve and the market dema
suppose the production function is given by ( L, K)=L¼K¾.assuming capital is fixed find APL and MPL. consider the following short run production function:Q=6L²-0.4L³ a) find the value of L that maximizes output b)find the value of L that maximizes marginal product
