# 1.3 Common continuous time signals

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Presents several useful continuous time signals.

## Introduction

Before looking at this module, hopefully you have an idea of what a signal is and what basic classifications and properties a signal canhave. In review, a signal is a function defined with respect to an independent variable. This variable is often timebut could represent any number of things. Mathematically, continuous time analogsignals have continuous independent and dependent variables. This module will describe some useful continuous time analog signals.

## Sinusoids

One of the most important elemental signal that you will deal with is the real-valued sinusoid. In its continuous-timeform, we write the general expression as

$A\cos (\omega t+\phi )$
where $A$ is the amplitude, $\omega$ is the frequency, and $\phi$ is the phase. Thus, the period of the sinusoid is
$T=\frac{2\pi }{\omega }$

## Complex exponentials

As important as the general sinusoid, the complex exponential function will become a critical part of your study of signals and systems. Its general continuous form iswritten as

$Ae^{st}$
where $s=\sigma +j\omega$ is a complex number in terms of $\sigma$ , the attenuation constant, and $\omega$ the angular frequency.

## Unit impulses

The unit impulse function, also known asthe Dirac delta function, is a signal that has infinite height andinfinitesimal width. However, because of the way it is defined, it integrates to one. While this signal is useful for theunderstanding of many concepts, a formal understanding of its definition more involved. The unit impulse is commonly denoted $\delta (t)$ .

More detail is provided in the section on the continuous time impulse function. For now, it suffices to say that this signal is crucially important in the study of continuous signals, as it allows the sifting property to be used in signal representation and signal decomposition.

## Unit step

Another very basic signal is the unit-step function that is defined as

$u(t)=\begin{cases}0 & \text{if t< 0}\\ 1 & \text{if t\ge 0}\end{cases}$

The step function is a useful tool for testing and for defining other signals. For example, whendifferent shifted versions of the step function are multiplied by other signals, one can select a certain portion of thesignal and zero out the rest.

## Common continuous time signals summary

Some of the most important and most frequently encountered signals have been discussed in this module. There are, of course, many other signals of significant consequence not discussed here. As you will see later, many of the other more complicated signals will be studied in terms of those listed here. Especially take note of the complex exponentials and unit impulse functions, which will be the key focus of several topics included in this course.

#### Questions & Answers

can someone help me with some logarithmic and exponential equations.
sure. what is your question?
20/(×-6^2)
Salomon
okay, so you have 6 raised to the power of 2. what is that part of your answer
I don't understand what the A with approx sign and the boxed x mean
it think it's written 20/(X-6)^2 so it's 20 divided by X-6 squared
Salomon
I'm not sure why it wrote it the other way
Salomon
I got X =-6
Salomon
ok. so take the square root of both sides, now you have plus or minus the square root of 20= x-6
oops. ignore that.
so you not have an equal sign anywhere in the original equation?
Commplementary angles
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At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
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