# Introduction and recap

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## Data set 4: global temperature

The mean global temperature from 1861 to 1996 is listed in [link] . The data, obtained from (External Link) , was converted to mean temperature in degrees Celsius.

 Year Temperature Year Temperature Year Temperature Year Temperature 1861 12.66 1901 12.871 1941 13.152 1981 13.228 1862 12.58 1902 12.726 1942 13.147 1982 13.145 1863 12.799 1903 12.647 1943 13.156 1983 13.332 1864 12.619 1904 12.601 1944 13.31 1984 13.107 1865 12.825 1905 12.719 1945 13.153 1985 13.09 1866 12.881 1906 12.79 1946 13.015 1986 13.183 1867 12.781 1907 12.594 1947 13.006 1987 13.323 1868 12.853 1908 12.575 1948 13.015 1988 13.34 1869 12.787 1909 12.596 1949 13.005 1989 13.269 1870 12.752 1910 12.635 1950 12.898 1990 13.437 1871 12.733 1911 12.611 1951 13.044 1991 13.385 1872 12.857 1912 12.678 1952 13.113 1992 13.237 1873 12.802 1913 12.671 1953 13.192 1993 13.28 1874 12.68 1914 12.85 1954 12.944 1994 13.355 1875 12.669 1915 12.962 1955 12.935 1995 13.483 1876 12.687 1916 12.727 1956 12.836 1996 13.314 1877 12.957 1917 12.584 1957 13.139 1878 13.092 1918 12.7 1958 13.208 1879 12.796 1919 12.792 1959 13.133 1880 12.811 1920 12.857 1960 13.094 1881 12.845 1921 12.902 1961 13.124 1882 12.864 1922 12.787 1962 13.129 1883 12.783 1923 12.821 1963 13.16 1884 12.73 1924 12.764 1964 12.868 1885 12.754 1925 12.868 1965 12.935 1886 12.826 1926 13.014 1966 13.035 1887 12.723 1927 12.904 1967 13.031 1888 12.783 1928 12.871 1968 13.004 1889 12.922 1929 12.718 1969 13.117 1890 12.703 1930 12.964 1970 13.064 1891 12.767 1931 13.041 1971 12.903 1892 12.671 1932 12.992 1972 13.031 1893 12.631 1933 12.857 1973 13.175 1894 12.709 1934 12.982 1974 12.912 1895 12.728 1935 12.943 1975 12.975 1896 12.93 1936 12.993 1976 12.869 1897 12.936 1937 13.092 1977 13.148 1898 12.759 1938 13.187 1978 13.057 1899 12.874 1939 13.111 1979 13.154 1900 12.959 1940 13.055 1980 13.195

## Data set 5: price of petrol

The price of petrol in South Africa from August 1998 to July 2000 is shown in [link] .

 Date Price (R/l) August 1998 R 2.37 September 1998 R 2.38 October 1998 R 2.35 November 1998 R 2.29 December 1998 R 2.31 January 1999 R 2.25 February 1999 R 2.22 March 1999 R 2.25 April 1999 R 2.31 May 1999 R 2.49 June 1999 R 2.61 July 1999 R 2.61 August 1999 R 2.62 September 1999 R 2.75 October 1999 R 2.81 November 1999 R 2.86 December 1999 R 2.85 January 2000 R 2.86 February 2000 R 2.81 March 2000 R 2.89 April 2000 R 3.03 May 2000 R 3.18 June 2000 R 3.22 July 2000 R 3.36

## Grouping data

One of the first steps to processing a large set of raw data is to arrange the data values together into a smaller number of groups, and then count how many of each data value there are in each group. The groups are usually based on some sort of interval of data values, so data values that fall into a specific interval, would be grouped together. The grouped data is often presented graphically or in a frequency table. (Frequency means “how many times”)

Group the elements of Data Set 1 to determine how many times the coin landed heads-up and how many times the coin landed tails-up.

1. There are two unique data values: H and T. Therefore there are two groups, one for the H-data values and one for the T-data values.

2.  Data Value Frequency H 44 T 56
3. There are 100 data values and the total of the frequency column is 44+56=100.

## Exercises - grouping data

1. The height of 30 learners are given below. Fill in the grouped data below. (Tally is a convenient way to count in 5's. We use llll to indicate 5.)
 142 163 169 132 139 140 152 168 139 150 161 132 162 172 146 152 150 132 157 133 141 170 156 155 169 138 142 160 164 168
 Group Tally Frequency 130 $\le h<$ 140 140 $\le h<$ 150 150 $\le h<$ 160 160 $\le h<$ 170 170 $\le h<$ 180
2. An experiment was conducted in class and 50 learners were asked to guess the number of sweets in a jar. The following guesses were recorded.
 56 49 40 11 33 33 37 29 30 59 21 16 38 44 38 52 22 24 30 34 42 15 48 33 51 44 33 17 19 44 47 23 27 47 13 25 53 57 28 23 36 35 40 23 45 39 32 58 22 40
Draw up a grouped frequency table using intervals 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, etc.

what does nano mean?
nano basically means 10^(-9). nanometer is a unit to measure length.
Bharti
do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
for teaching engĺish at school how nano technology help us
Anassong
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
what is nano technology
what is system testing?
preparation of nanomaterial
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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