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Sosiale wetenskappe: aardrykskunde

Graad 7

Natuurgevare

Module 3

Aardbewings

1. Die voorkoms en ontstaan van aardbewings

Een wetenskaplike wat self ‘n sterk aardbewing ervaar het, het op ‘n keer vertel dit het vir hom gevoel of die hele wêreld ‘n mat geword het wat ‘n slag of wat goed geskud en toe weer neergegooi is. Die mense, die geboue, die berge - alles en almal was niks meer as stoffies in daardie mat nie, het hy gesê.

[uit Huisgenoot se Jongspan , 21 Mei 1987]

Jy moet onthou dat die aardkors opgebou is uit groot plat rotsplate. Hulle is kilometers dik en dryf bo-op die dik, warm massa magma van die mantel. Hierdie bewegings is baie stadig en ‘n mens kan dit nie voel nie. Die rotslae van die aardkors wat nader aan die mantel lê, is warmer en buig maklik. Nader na die oppervlak van die aarde is die gesteentes kouer en dus harder.

Waar die aardplate mekaar ontmoet, bots hulle of skuur hulle teen mekaar. Wat ook al die rede vir die bewegings in die rotse is, sal hulle nie net buig of plooi nie. Hulle breek letterlik af soos wanneer jy ‘n stukkie hout in twee sal breek. Die aardkors kan vir ‘n tyd lank die spanning en druk weerstaan wat deur die bewegings binne-in uitgeoefen word. Skielik kan dit nie verder plooi nie en breek af. ‘n Verskuiwing van rotslae vind plaas en mense ervaar dit as ‘n aardbewing. ‘n Verskuiwingslyn word gevorm wat selfs bo-op die aardoppervlakte gesien kan word.

Aardbewings duur slegs ‘n paar minute en naskokke kom ook nog vir ‘n tydjie daarna voor.

Die bekende San Andreas-verskuiwingslyn loop dwarsdeur San Francisco in die Amerikaanse staat Kalifornië. Miljoene mense woon hier en is bewus van die gevare.

In figuur 5 word aangetoon hoe die reuse rotsblokke baie stadig by mekaar verby skuif (5 – 7 cm per jaar). As die kante aan mekaar vashaak (spanning word te hoog), skuif die rotse skielik en breek af. Die gevolg – ‘n aardbewing het voorgekom.

Die San Andreasverskuiwingslyn

‘n Seismograaf word gebruik om die sterkte van ‘n aardbewing te meet

Aktiwiteit 1:

Om ‘n model van ‘n aardbewing te bou

[lu 2.1, 2.3]

1. Maak ‘n model van ‘n aardbewing: Werk in groepe. Kry twee ewe dik houtplanke en plaas hulle langs mekaar. Maak boublokke van karton wat bakstene, huise of geboue voorstel. Plaas die boublokke oor die verskuiwingslyn (daar waar die twee houtplanke aanmekaar raak). Trek nou die planke weg van mekaar of in teenoorgestelde rigtings.

2. Verduidelik wat presies met die blokke gebeur?

3. Wat word die verskillende stukke (die twee houtplanke) waaruit die aardkors opgebou is, genoem?

4. Wat dink jy kan gedoen word om geboue meer bestand teen aardbewegings te maak. Hou ‘n groepbespreking en doen dan verslag aan die klas.

Waar kom die meeste aardbewings dan voor?

Aardbewings kom veral voor op die rand van die aardplate – daar waar die aardplate stadig na of van mekaar beweeg. Die bewegings veroorsaak dan aardbewings in die lande bo die rand van die plate. Lande wat in die middel van die plate lê, word nie ernstig deur aardbewings bedreig nie.

Suid-Afrika lê in die middel van ‘n aardplaat en sal dus nie sommer ‘n groot aardbewing beleef nie. Nogtans is roeringe in die aardkors se mantel ook hier aanwesig. Dink maar aan die Bolandse aardbewings by Ceres in 1969, wat baie skade aangerig het, asook die aardbewings by Stilfontein in Maart 2005.

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Source:  OpenStax, Aardrykskunde graad 7. OpenStax CNX. Sep 09, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11020/1.1
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