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  • Test the differences by subtracting one measurement from the other measurement
  • Random Variable: x d = mean of the differences
  • Distribution: Student’s-t distribution with n – 1 degrees of freedom
  • If the number of differences is small (less than 30), the differences must follow a normal distribution.
  • Two samples are drawn from the same set of objects.
  • Samples are dependent.

Formula review

Test Statistic ( t -score): t c = x d μ d ( s d n )

where:

x d is the mean of the sample differences. μ d is the mean of the population differences. s d is the sample standard deviation of the differences. n is the sample size.

Use the following information to answer the next five exercises. A study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a software patch in reducing system failures over a six-month period. Results for randomly selected installations are shown in [link] . The “before” value is matched to an “after” value, and the differences are calculated. The differences have a normal distribution. Test at the 1% significance level.

Installation A B C D E F G H
Before 3 6 4 2 5 8 2 6
After 1 5 2 0 1 0 2 2

What is the random variable?

the mean difference of the system failures

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

What conclusion can you draw about the software patch?

With a p -value 0.0067, we can cannot accept the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to support that the software patch is effective in reducing the number of system failures.


Use the following information to answer next five exercises. A study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a juggling class. Before the class started, six subjects juggled as many balls as they could at once. After the class, the same six subjects juggled as many balls as they could. The differences in the number of balls are calculated. The differences have a normal distribution. Test at the 1% significance level.

Subject A B C D E F
Before 3 4 3 2 4 5
After 4 5 6 4 5 7

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

What is the sample mean difference?

What conclusion can you draw about the juggling class?


Use the following information to answer the next five exercises. A doctor wants to know if a blood pressure medication is effective. Six subjects have their blood pressures recorded. After twelve weeks on the medication, the same six subjects have their blood pressure recorded again. For this test, only systolic pressure is of concern. Test at the 1% significance level.

Patient A B C D E F
Before 161 162 165 162 166 171
After 158 159 166 160 167 169

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

H 0 : μ d ≥ 0

H a : μ d <0

What is the test statistic?

What is the sample mean difference?

What is the conclusion?

We decline to reject the null hypothesis. There is not sufficient evidence to support that the medication is effective.

Bringing it together

Use the following information to answer the next ten exercises. indicate which of the following choices best identifies the hypothesis test.

  1. independent group means, population standard deviations and/or variances known
  2. independent group means, population standard deviations and/or variances unknown
  3. matched or paired samples
  4. single mean
  5. two proportions
  6. single proportion

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Source:  OpenStax, Introductory statistics. OpenStax CNX. Aug 09, 2016 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11776/1.26
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