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- Stem cell research: a science
- World stem cell policies
- World cloning policies
Ecuador
- Embryonic stem cell research as well as therapeutic and reproductive cloning is banned.
- Research on human embryos (and therefore cloning) is prohibited as of June 1998.
Peru
- Embryonic stem cell research is not specifically prohibited, but therapeutic and reproductive cloning are banned.
- Fertilization of a human ovum with intent other than procreation is prohibited, as well as human cloning (General Health Law, 1997).
Uruguay
- Embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning are not specifically prohibited, but reproductive cloning is.
Europe
Austria
- Embryonic stem cell research as well as therapeutic and reproductive cloning is banned.
- Reproductive medicine is acceptable only within stable heterosexual relationships for the purpose of reproduction. Embryos can be used only for implantation in the woman who has donated the
oocytes , and for no other purposes. Donation of
embryos or
gametes is prohibited (Federal Law of 1992 Regulating Medically Assisted Procreation).
Belgium
- Embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning are permitted, but reproductive cloning is banned as of May 2003.
Czech republic
- Embryonic stem cell research is permitted using lines created from unused IVF eggs.
Denmark
- Embryonic stem cell research is not specifically prohibited, but therapeutic and reproductive cloning and the funding of such activities are as of 2003.
Estonia
- Embryonic stem cell research is allowed, but reproductive and therapeutic cloning are banned.
Finland
- Embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning are permitted, but reproductive cloning is banned.
- The act defines embryo as a fusion of gametes, so therapeutic cloning is permitted, but reproductive cloning is prohibited (Medical Research Act of 1999).
France
- Embryonic stem cell research is allowed, but therapeutic and reproductive cloning are banned.
- Research on human embryonic stem cells is now allowed until embryos are 6-8 days old. Embryos cannot be created specifically for research -- scientists must use existing embryos from IVF. Embryonic stem cell lines are typically imported from abroad.
Georgia
- Embryonic stem cell research is not specifically prohibited, but therapeutic and reproductive cloning are.
- Human cloning through the use of genetic engineering is prohibited (1997 Law on Health Care).
Germany
- Embryonic stem cell research is permitted, but all forms of cloning (reproductive and therapeutic) are banned.
- It is Illegal to create any new stem cell lines after December 2001.
Greece
- Embryonic stem cell research is permitted, but reproductive cloning is banned.
Hungary
- Embryonic stem cell research is not specifically prohibited, but reproductive and therapeutic cloning are.
- The national law (1997) does not explicitly address or prohibit embryonic stem cell research or therapeutic cloning.
Iceland
- Embryonic stem cell research is permitted using lines created from unused IVF eggs and for development or fertility research.
- Reproductive and therapeutic cloning are prohibited (Act on Artificial Fertilisation, 1996).
Ireland
- Embryonic stem cell research as well as therapeutic and reproductive cloning is banned.
- Human cloning is prohibited because the "right to life of an unborn child is equal to that of the mother" as stated in the Constitution of Ireland.
Questions & Answers
how does Neisseria cause meningitis
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
which site have a normal flora
Many sites of the body have it
Skin
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:
OpenStax, Stem cell research: a science and policy overview. OpenStax CNX. Aug 03, 2007 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10445/1.1
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