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Natuurwetenskappe

Graad 9

Lewensprosesse: ‘n gesonde lewe

Module 7

Voortplanting by die mens

  • Voortplanting is die proses waardeur ‘n nageslag geskep word.
  • In die proses is dit nodig vir die GAMETE (geslagselle) om bymekaar uit te kom.
  • Die manlike gamete noem ons SPERMSELLE en die vroulike gamete OVA (ovums) of eierselle. Beide gamete dra die genetiese eienskappe vir die nuwe individu.

Spermsel en eiersel

  • In beide geslagte word die gamete eers na PUBERTEIT geproduseer wanneer hormone vanaf die brein die rypwordingsproses beheer.
  • Die selle word in die onderskeie geslagsorgane, nl. die TESTIS in die manlike individu en die OVARIUMS in die vroulike individu, geproduseer.

Manlike geslagsorgane:

  • Twee TESTIS buite die liggaam in die SKROTUM .
  • SPERMBUISE wat spermselle van testis af vervoer na PROSTAAT en ander kliere.
  • Vloeistof genaamd SEMEN wat al die voedingstowwe vir die bewegende spermselle bevat.
  • Die PENIS wat die oordragfunksie na die vroulike sisteem vervul – die vrystellingsproses noem ons EJAKULASIE .

Vroulike geslagsorgane:

  • Twee EIERLEIERS of FALLOPIESE BUISE vanaf ovaria wat eierselle afvoer – BEVRUGTING vind gewoonlik hierin plaas.
  • 'n UTERUS of BAARMOEDER net agter die blaas waarin die baba sal ontwikkel.
  • 'n VAGINA wat die sperme vanaf die penis ontvang – ook die geboortekanaal.

Manlike en vroulike geslagsorgane

Die menstruele siklus:

  • 'n Siklus wat in ‘n meisie plaasvind nadat sy puberteit bereik het (aanvang wissel tussen ouderdom 10 – 15 jaar).
  • Die siklus berei die vrou se liggaam voor vir moontlike swangerskap.
  • Dit behels die verdikking van die ENDOMETRIUM- laag aan die binnekant van die uterus – daar waar die embrio moet vasheg.
  • Verskeie hormone, soos PROGESTEROON en ESTROGEEN , speel 'n rol in die voorbereiding – hulle vlakke styg en daal en veroorsaak 'n wye reeks van veranderinge wat soms vir die meisie ongemak inhou, bv. buierigheid, teer borste, vogterughouding.
  • Halfpad deur die siklus vind die vrystelling van die eiersel uit die ovarium plaas – ons noem dit OVULASIE .
  • Die siklus, wat gewoonlik 28 dae duur, eindig wanneer die endometrium- laag losskeur en uitgewerp word – hierdie verwydering van endometriumweefsel noem ons MENSTRUASIE – dit duur van 3 - 7 dae. .
  • Die meisie gebruik beskermende sanitêre doekies of tampons om die vloei van bloed te absorbeer.

Bevrugting: die versmelting van 'n manlike sperm met 'n vroulike eiersel om 'n sigoot te vorm

  • Dit vind in die fallopiese buis plaas.
  • 'n Spesiale chemiese membraan vorm onmiddellik en geen ander sperm kan die ovum binnedring nie.

Swangerskap:

  • Die sigoot begin onmiddellik verdeel in meer selle – vorm nou 'n EMBRIO .
  • 'n Chemiese boodskap gaan reg deur die vrou se liggaam en verskeie veranderinge vind plaas.
  • Die EMBRIO ontwikkel en word aan die wand van die UTERUS , nl. die ENDOMETRIUM , vasgeheg in die proses van IMPLANTERING .
  • 'n PLASENTA vorm waar die embrio vasgeheg is en dit voed die embrio terwyl dit ontwikkel as 'n fetus – dit is vas aan die fetus met die NAELSTRING.
  • Deur die NAELSTRING word die ontwikkelende embrio van voedingstowwe en suurstof voorsien – dit verwyder ook afvalprodukte soos koolstofdioksied.
  • Die embrio onwikkel en na sowat twee maande staan dit bekend as 'n FETUS.
  • Die fetus ontwikkel in ongeveer 280 dae of nege maande.

Klasaktiwiteit: GROEPBESPREKING OOR VOORTPLANTING

1. Wat is:

a) IMPLANTERING

b) OVULASIE

c) FETUS

d) PUBERTEIT

e) MENSTRUASIE

2. Voltooi die tabel:

STRUKTUUR FUNKSIE
Testis
Ovaria
Penis
Skrotum
Uterus
Fallopiese buise
Plasenta
Naelstring

3. Wat is 'n EKTOPIESE SWANGERSKAP?

4. Hoe ontstaan :

a) identiese of monosigotiese tweelinge?

b) nie-identiese of disigotiese tweelinge?

c) siamese tweelinge?

5. Wie (pa of ma) bepaal die geslag van die baba? Verduidelik.

Assessering: KLASBESPREKING

Kon jy die vrae en tabel voltooi?

[LU 1.3]

Assessering

LU 1

Wetenskaplike Ondersoek

Die leerder is in staat om met selfvertroue op weetgierigheid oor natuurverskynsels te reageer, en om binne die konteks van wetenskap, tegnologie en die omgewing verbande te ondersoek en probleme op te los.

Dit is bewys as die leerder:

1.1 ondersoeke kan beplan;

1.2 ondersoek kan uitvoer en data kan versamel;

1.3 data kan evalueer en bevindinge kan kommunikeer.

Memorandum

Voortplanting by die mens

KLASAKTIWITEIT: GROEPBESPREKING – VOORTPLANTING

1. a) vasheg van embrio aan uteruswand

b) vrystelling van eiersel uit ovarium

c) ontwikkelde embrio na twee maande

d) geslagsrype fase by seuns en meisies

e) uitwerping van voorbereidingslaag in maandelikse siklus

2. Voltooi die tabel:

STRUKTUUR FUNKSIE
Testis Vorm spermselle
Ovaria Vorm eierselle
Penis Oordragfunksie
Skrotum Beskerm en hou testis buite liggaam
Uterus Spiersak vir ontwikkelende fetus
Fallopiese buise Afleibuis vanaf ovarium na uterus; plek van bevrugting
Plasenta Voedingsweefsel wat vorm wanneer embrio implanteer
Naelstring Buis wat fetus en plasenta verbind

3. swangerskap waar embrio heg aan fallopiese buiswand ipv uterus

4. a) enkele sigoot wat vroeg splits – identiese informasie; altyd dieselfde geslag

b) twee sigote en twee verskillende spermselle; twee verskillende individue

c) identiese splitsing wat onvoltooid is

5. pa met X of Y chromosoom wat hy doneer

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Source:  OpenStax, Natuurwetenskappe graad 9. OpenStax CNX. Sep 15, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11068/1.1
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