# Nmr  (Page 4/6)

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We can also use integration to find the relative amounts of substances present. For example, if we have a mixture of iodomethane and chloromethane dissolved in solution, the ratio of the two peak areas will give the relative amounts of these two compounds. This is useful for determining purity and product yield. We can introduce a known amount of one sample and use its concentration to determine the concentration of another species in solution. The one caution here is that the relative peak areas need to be normalized for the number of protons that produce the signal. In the example of iodomethane and chloromethane, this is easy since they both have methyl groups and the signals are both due to three protons. However, if we were to determine the concentration of dichloromethane versus chloromethane, we would need to take into account that one molecule has three H atoms whereas the other only has two.

Examples:

Butane

The two methyl groups are equivalent to each other, as are the two methylene groups. We would expect to see two signals in a 6:4 or 3:2 ratio.

Pentane

The two methyl groups are equivalent to each other, as are two of the two methylene groups. The middle methylene group is unique. In principle, we would expect to see three signals in a 6:4:2 or 3:2:1 ratio.

Ethyl acetate

Ethyl acetate has three types of H atoms. There are two methyl groups and one methylene group. We would expect to see three signals in a 3:3:2 area ratio.

## Coupling

Coupling is another very important aspect of NMR spectroscopy that gives a great deal of information about structure. Coupling results in a signal being split into more signals due to neighboring atoms which also have a nuclear spin. This arises frequently between protons on adjacent carbon atoms. One important aspect of this phenomenon is that equivalent nuclei do not couple to each other.

The reason coupling occurs can be described as follows. For example, let us consider the case of a molecule containing two carbon atoms, each with a single proton and other atoms which do not have a nuclear spin coupling to the protons. One such molecule is 1,1-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethane.

The protons in this molecule are not equivalent, so we would expect to see two signals. Additionally, the proton attached to the ${\text{CCl}}_{2}$ group will have two different spin states, +1/2 and -1/2. This means that the proton on the ${\text{CBr}}_{2}$ group will see two slightly different magnetic fields depending upon whether the proton on the ${\text{CCl}}_{2}$ group is in the +1/2 or -1/2 spin state. Since these spin states are not equivalent in the presence of a large external magnetic field, we actually observe two signals for the H atom attached to the ${\text{CBr}}_{2}$ group. This is also true for the hydrogen atom attached to the ${\text{CCl}}_{2}$ group. In these situations, we say that the proton on the ${\text{CCl}}_{2}$ is coupled to the proton on the ${\text{CBr}}_{2}$ group. When a peak is split into two equal components by coupling, it is called a doublet. We would expect the proton NMR spectrum of 1,1-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethane to look something like this:

#### Questions & Answers

how do they get the third part x = (32)5/4
can someone help me with some logarithmic and exponential equations.
sure. what is your question?
20/(×-6^2)
Salomon
okay, so you have 6 raised to the power of 2. what is that part of your answer
I don't understand what the A with approx sign and the boxed x mean
it think it's written 20/(X-6)^2 so it's 20 divided by X-6 squared
Salomon
I'm not sure why it wrote it the other way
Salomon
I got X =-6
Salomon
ok. so take the square root of both sides, now you have plus or minus the square root of 20= x-6
oops. ignore that.
so you not have an equal sign anywhere in the original equation?
Commplementary angles
hello
Sherica
im all ears I need to learn
Sherica
right! what he said ⤴⤴⤴
Tamia
hii
Uday
what is a good calculator for all algebra; would a Casio fx 260 work with all algebra equations? please name the cheapest, thanks.
a perfect square v²+2v+_
kkk nice
algebra 2 Inequalities:If equation 2 = 0 it is an open set?
or infinite solutions?
Kim
The answer is neither. The function, 2 = 0 cannot exist. Hence, the function is undefined.
Al
y=10×
if |A| not equal to 0 and order of A is n prove that adj (adj A = |A|
rolling four fair dice and getting an even number an all four dice
Kristine 2*2*2=8
Differences Between Laspeyres and Paasche Indices
No. 7x -4y is simplified from 4x + (3y + 3x) -7y
is it 3×y ?
J, combine like terms 7x-4y
how do you translate this in Algebraic Expressions
Need to simplify the expresin. 3/7 (x+y)-1/7 (x-1)=
. After 3 months on a diet, Lisa had lost 12% of her original weight. She lost 21 pounds. What was Lisa's original weight?
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
what is nano technology
what is system testing?
preparation of nanomaterial
Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
what is system testing
what is the application of nanotechnology?
Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world
Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world
Prasenjit
how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?
Damian
silver nanoparticles could handle the job?
Damian
not now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials
Azam
Hello
Uday
I'm interested in Nanotube
Uday
this technology will not going on for the long time , so I'm thinking about femtotechnology 10^-15
Prasenjit
can nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world
At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
the Beer law works very well for dilute solutions but fails for very high concentrations. why?
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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