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Conceptual questions

Which of the following is a vector: a person’s height, the altitude on Mt. Everest, the age of the Earth, the boiling point of water, the cost of this book, the Earth’s population, the acceleration of gravity?

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Give a specific example of a vector, stating its magnitude, units, and direction.

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What do vectors and scalars have in common? How do they differ?

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Two campers in a national park hike from their cabin to the same spot on a lake, each taking a different path, as illustrated below. The total distance traveled along Path 1 is 7.5 km, and that along Path 2 is 8.2 km. What is the final displacement of each camper?

At the southwest corner of the figure is a cabin and in the northeast corner is a lake. A vector S with a length five point zero kilometers connects the cabin to the lake at an angle of 40 degrees north of east. Two winding paths labeled Path 1 and Path 2 represent the routes travelled from the cabin to the lake.
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If an airplane pilot is told to fly 123 km in a straight line to get from San Francisco to Sacramento, explain why he could end up anywhere on the circle shown in [link] . What other information would he need to get to Sacramento?

A map of northern California with a circle with a radius of one hundred twenty three kilometers centered on San Francisco. Sacramento lies on the circumference of this circle in a direction forty-five degrees north of east from San Francisco.
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Suppose you take two steps A and B (that is, two nonzero displacements). Under what circumstances can you end up at your starting point? More generally, under what circumstances can two nonzero vectors add to give zero? Is the maximum distance you can end up from the starting point A + B the sum of the lengths of the two steps?

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Explain why it is not possible to add a scalar to a vector.

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If you take two steps of different sizes, can you end up at your starting point? More generally, can two vectors with different magnitudes ever add to zero? Can three or more?

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Problems&Exercises

Use graphical methods to solve these problems. You may assume data taken from graphs is accurate to three digits.

Find the following for path A in [link] : (a) the total distance traveled, and (b) the magnitude and direction of the displacement from start to finish.

A map of city is shown. The houses are in form of square blocks of side one hundred and twenty meters each. The path of A extends to three blocks towards north and then one block towards east. It is asked to find out the total distance traveled the magnitude and the direction of the displacement from start to finish.
The various lines represent paths taken by different people walking in a city. All blocks are 120 m on a side.

(a) 480 m size 12{"480 m"} {}

(b) 379 m size 12{"379 m"} {} , 18.4º size 12{"18" "." "4º east of north"} {} east of north

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Find the following for path B in [link] : (a) the total distance traveled, and (b) the magnitude and direction of the displacement from start to finish.

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Find the north and east components of the displacement for the hikers shown in [link] .

north component 3.21 km, east component 3.83 km

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Suppose you walk 18.0 m straight west and then 25.0 m straight north. How far are you from your starting point, and what is the compass direction of a line connecting your starting point to your final position? (If you represent the two legs of the walk as vector displacements A size 12{A} {} and B size 12{B} {} , as in [link] , then this problem asks you to find their sum R = A + B size 12{"R = A + B"} {} .)

In this figure coordinate axes are shown. Vector A from the origin towards the negative of x axis is shown. From the head of the vector A another vector B is drawn towards the positive direction of y axis. The resultant R of these two vectors is shown as a vector from the tail of vector A to the head of vector B. This vector R is inclined at an angle theta with the negative x axis.
The two displacements A size 12{A} {} and B size 12{B} {} add to give a total displacement R size 12{R} {} having magnitude R size 12{R} {} and direction θ size 12{θ} {} .
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Suppose you first walk 12.0 m in a direction 20º size 12{"20" { size 12{°} } } {} west of north and then 20.0 m in a direction 40.0º size 12{"40" { size 12{°} } } {} south of west. How far are you from your starting point, and what is the compass direction of a line connecting your starting point to your final position? (If you represent the two legs of the walk as vector displacements A size 12{A} {} and B size 12{B} {} , as in [link] , then this problem finds their sum R = A + B size 12{ bold "R = A + B"} {} .)

In the given figure coordinates axes are shown. Vector A with tail at origin is inclined at an angle of twenty degrees with the positive direction of x axis. The magnitude of vector A is twelve meters. Another vector B is starts from the head of vector A and inclined at an angle of forty degrees with the horizontal. The resultant R of the vectors A and B is also drawn from the tail of vector A to the head of vector B. The inclination of vector R is theta with the horizontal.

19 . 5 m size 12{"19" "." "5 m"} {} , 4 . 65º size 12{4 "." "65°"} {} south of west

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Repeat the problem above, but reverse the order of the two legs of the walk; show that you get the same final result. That is, you first walk leg B size 12{B} {} , which is 20.0 m in a direction exactly 40º size 12{"20" { size 12{°} } } {} south of west, and then leg A size 12{A} {} , which is 12.0 m in a direction exactly 20º size 12{"20" { size 12{°} } } {} west of north. (This problem shows that A + B = B + A size 12{A+B=B+A} {} .)

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(a) Repeat the problem two problems prior, but for the second leg you walk 20.0 m in a direction 40.0º size 12{"40.0" { size 12{°} } } north of east (which is equivalent to subtracting B size 12{B} {} from A size 12{A} {} —that is, to finding R = A B size 12{ bold "R'"=A - B} {} ). (b) Repeat the problem two problems prior, but now you first walk 20.0 m in a direction 40.0º size 12{"40.0" { size 12{°} } } south of west and then 12.0 m in a direction 20.0º size 12{"20.0" { size 12{ ° } } } {} east of south (which is equivalent to subtracting A size 12{A} {} from B size 12{B} {} —that is, to finding R ′′ = B - A = - R size 12{R''= B – A = -R' } {} ). Show that this is the case.

(a) 26 . 6 m size 12{"26" "." "6 m"} {} , 65 . size 12{"65" "." "1º"} {} north of east

(b) 26 . 6 m size 12{"26" "." "6 m"} {} , 65 . size 12{"65" "." "1º"} {} south of west

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Show that the order of addition of three vectors does not affect their sum. Show this property by choosing any three vectors A size 12{A} {} , B size 12{B} {} , and C size 12{C} {} , all having different lengths and directions. Find the sum A + B + C size 12{ bold "A + B + C"} {} then find their sum when added in a different order and show the result is the same. (There are five other orders in which A size 12{A} {} , B size 12{B} {} , and C size 12{C} {} can be added; choose only one.)

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Show that the sum of the vectors discussed in [link] gives the result shown in [link] .

52 . 9 m size 12{"52" "." "9 m"} {} , 90 . size 12{"90" "." "1º"} {} with respect to the x -axis.

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Find the magnitudes of velocities v A size 12{v rSub { size 8{A} } } {} and v B size 12{v rSub { size 8{B} } } {} in [link]

On the graph velocity vector V sub A begins at the origin and is inclined to x axis at an angle of twenty two point five degrees. From the head of vector V sub A another vector V sub B begins. The resultant of the two vectors, labeled V sub tot, is inclined to vector V sub A at twenty six point five degrees and to the vector V sub B at twenty three point zero degrees. V sub tot has a magnitude of 6.72 meters per second.
The two velocities v A size 12{v rSub { size 8{A} } } {} and v B size 12{v rSub { size 8{B} } } {} add to give a total v tot size 12{v rSub { size 8{"tot"} } } {} .
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Find the components of v tot size 12{v rSub { size 8{"tot"} } } {} along the x - and y -axes in [link] .

x -component 4.41 m/s

y -component 5.07 m/s

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Find the components of v tot size 12{v rSub { size 8{"tot"} } } {} along a set of perpendicular axes rotated 30º size 12{"30º"} {} counterclockwise relative to those in [link] .

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Questions & Answers

the diagram of the digestive system
Assiatu Reply
How does twins formed
William Reply
They formed in two ways first when one sperm and one egg are splited by mitosis or two sperm and two eggs join together
Oluwatobi
what is genetics
Josephine Reply
Genetics is the study of heredity
Misack
how does twins formed?
Misack
What is manual
Hassan Reply
discuss biological phenomenon and provide pieces of evidence to show that it was responsible for the formation of eukaryotic organelles
Joseph Reply
what is biology
Yousuf Reply
the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments
AI-Robot
the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environment.
Wine
discuss the biological phenomenon and provide pieces of evidence to show that it was responsible for the formation of eukaryotic organelles in an essay form
Joseph Reply
what is the blood cells
Shaker Reply
list any five characteristics of the blood cells
Shaker
lack electricity and its more savely than electronic microscope because its naturally by using of light
Abdullahi Reply
advantage of electronic microscope is easily and clearly while disadvantage is dangerous because its electronic. advantage of light microscope is savely and naturally by sun while disadvantage is not easily,means its not sharp and not clear
Abdullahi
cell theory state that every organisms composed of one or more cell,cell is the basic unit of life
Abdullahi
is like gone fail us
DENG
cells is the basic structure and functions of all living things
Ramadan
What is classification
ISCONT Reply
is organisms that are similar into groups called tara
Yamosa
in what situation (s) would be the use of a scanning electron microscope be ideal and why?
Kenna Reply
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is ideal for situations requiring high-resolution imaging of surfaces. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and geology to examine the topography and composition of samples at a nanoscale level. SEM is particularly useful for studying fine details,
Hilary
cell is the building block of life.
Condoleezza Reply
what is cell divisoin?
Aron Reply
Diversity of living thing
ISCONT
what is cell division
Aron Reply
Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It is a fundamental process in all living organisms and is essential for growth, development, and reproduction. Cell division can occur through either mitosis or meiosis.
AI-Robot
What is life?
Allison Reply
life is defined as any system capable of performing functions such as eating, metabolizing,excreting,breathing,moving,Growing,reproducing,and responding to external stimuli.
Mohamed
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Source:  OpenStax, College physics. OpenStax CNX. Jul 27, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11406/1.9
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