# 0.9 Logarithms

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At t =0, the switch is closed. Because the voltage across the capacitor cannot change instantaneously, the value of the voltage across the resistor immediately after the closing of the swith ( v (0 + ) will be 10 V. After the switch has been closed, current will flow throughout the circuit and the voltage across the resistor will diminish exponentially. Because the decay can be described by the use of an exponential function, this is an example of exponential decay .

We can write an expression for the transient response, that is, the voltage across the resistor for positive time

$v\left(t\right)=\text{10}{e}^{-t/\text{RC}}$

Here, the units of v ( t ) are Volts.

The product of the resistance and the capacitance is called the time constant for the circuit and is often denoted as (τ). The time constant is measured in seconds. For this example, $\tau =\left(\text{100}×{\text{10}}^{3}\right)\left(8×{\text{10}}^{-6}\right)=\text{800}×{\text{10}}^{-3}=0\text{.}\text{800}s$

So the transient response of the circuit becomes

Question : At what instant of time will the transent response be equal to 5 Volts?

Solution : We have been asked to find the value of t that satisfies the following equation.

$5=\text{10}{e}^{-t/0\text{.}8}$

Let us divide each side of the equation by (10) and interchange the sides

${e}^{-t/0\text{.}8}=0\text{.}5$

We now take the natural logarithm of each side

$\frac{-t}{0\text{.}8}=-0\text{.}\text{693}$
$t=\left(0\text{.}8\right)\left(0\text{.}\text{693}\right)=0\text{.}\text{555}$

So we conclude that at the time 0.555 seconds after the switch closes, the value of the voltage across the resistor will be 5.0 volts.

## Compound interest

It is always essential to consider the financial aspects of an engineering project. The field of industrial engineering provides us with the analytical tools necessary to weigh the merits of competing designs.

Most situations surrounding the financial aspects of an engineering project involve the determination of what is most economical in the long run. That is, engineers must be aware of the costs and benefits of a project over a considerable period of time. In situations as these, it is important to consider the time value of money. Because of the existence of interest, the current value of a dollar is worth more than the value of a dollar some time in the future.

Interest can be defined as money that is paid for the use of money that has been borrowed. The rate of interest is the ratio between the interest chargeable or payable at the end of a period of time. This period of time is typically yearly, quarterly or monthly. In this module, we will restrict our attention to interest that is paid yearly or per annum .

As an example, a sum of money is invested at an annual rate of interest of 4%. One year later, the interest that would be paid on the investment would be $40 (4% of$1,000). So after one year, the initial sum would grow to a value of $1,040 one year later. Suppose that the$1,040 were invested for a second year at the end of the first year. At the end of the second year, the amount of interest that would be payable would be 4% of $1,040 or$41.60. The amount of interest earned in the second year exceeds the amount earned in the first year because of a phenomenon known as compound interest .

how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
what is nano technology
what is system testing?
preparation of nanomaterial
Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
what is system testing
what is the application of nanotechnology?
Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world
Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world
Prasenjit
how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?
Damian
silver nanoparticles could handle the job?
Damian
not now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials
Azam
Hello
Uday
I'm interested in Nanotube
Uday
this technology will not going on for the long time , so I'm thinking about femtotechnology 10^-15
Prasenjit
can nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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Good
Can someone give me problems that involes radical expressions like area,volume or motion of pendulum with solution