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Empleados Gerentes Secretarias
Número_Empleado (PK) Número_Empleado (PKFK) Número_Empleado(PKFK)Número_Computadora(FK)

Si se nos diera este caso debemos realizar un análisis más profundo para poder determinar si la tabla Secretarias pertenece a una categorización, debido a que la representación conceptual de esta tabla podría ser cualquiera de las siguientes:

Caso 1:

Caso 2:

Como se puede observar, son representaciones completamente diferentes. En la primera Secretarias forma parte de una categorización, y en la segunda Secretarias es considerada una relación entre Empleados y Computadoras, con cardinalidades N–1 o 1–1.

En ocasiones es posible poder diferenciar entre los dos casos. La única forma de hacerlo es examinando el atributo Número_Computadora que pertenece a la tabla Secretarias y que hace referencia a la tabla Computadoras: si dicho atributo admite valores nulos, estamos completamente seguros que nos encontramos en el primer caso y no en el segundo. Esto es debido a que si Secretarias fuese una tabla que representa una relación entre Empleados y Computadoras, el atributo Número_Computadora NO podría aceptar valores nulos, debido a que por definición, las relaciones binarias son pares ordenados.

Si se nos plantea el caso de que el atributo Número_Computadora perteneciente a la tabla Secretarias no admite valores nulos, es imposible diferenciar entre los dos casos que planteamos anteriormente, por lo tanto debemos adoptar criterios para poder diferenciar entre ellos (por ejemplo, valores por omisión).

Una vez terminada esta parte del análisis sabemos si la tabla pertenece a una categorización o no, si perteneciera a una categorización se almacena en las estructuras de almacenamiento, y se analiza el resto de las claves foráneas que posee la tabla como si se tratase de una tabla que representa a una entidad referente.

Determinar si corresponde a una entidad referente

Entidad referente es una tabla que hace referencia a otras tablas (son las clásicas relaciones 1–N o 1–1).

Si llegamos a este punto sabemos que no nos encontramos frente a una tabla que representa a una entidad aislada y que tampoco corresponde a una categorización. Por lo tanto, ya se está seguro de que esta tabla es una tabla referente dado que tampoco puede representar una relación debido a que en una tabla que represente una relación los atributos que forman la clave primaria de la tabla deben formar también al menos una clave foránea.

Sabemos que cada clave foránea que posea la tabla representará una relación binaria (debido a que es el único tipo de relación que puede representarse sin utilizar una tabla) entre la tabla que nos encontramos analizando y la tabla a la cual hace referencia la clave foránea. Además sabemos que la cardinalidad de dicha relación es 1–1, o bien 1–N, debido a que si fuese N–N se debería haber representado por medio de una tabla. Finalmente también sabemos que la cardinalidad correspondiente a la tabla que nos encontramos analizando es 1.

Análisis de una tabla que representa una relación

El análisis de una relación puede llegar a ser el más complejo debido a la cantidad de casos diferentes que existen (recuerde que una tabla podría representar una relación de N entidades, por lo tanto el número de tablas que podría llegar a relacionar es variable e infinito).

Questions & Answers

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Source:  OpenStax, Técnicas de mantenimiento de software. OpenStax CNX. Jan 09, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10571/1.6
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