# 6.1 Lab 6: analog-to-digital conversion, dtft and dft

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## Sampling, aliasing, quantization and reconstruction

The example in this section addresses sampling, quantization, aliasing and signal reconstruction concepts. [link] shows the completed block diagram of this example, where the following four control parameters are linked to a LabVIEW MathScript node:

Amplitude – to control the amplitude of an input sine wave

Phase – to control the phase of the input signal

Frequency – to control the frequency of the input signal

Sampling frequency – to control the sampling rate of the corresponding discrete signal

Number of quantization levels – to control the number of quantization levels of the corresponding digital signal

To simulate the analog signal via a .m file, consider a very small value of time increment dt (dt = 0.001). To create a discrete signal, sample the analog signal at a rate controlled by the sampling frequency. To simulate the analog signal, use the textual statement xa=sin(2*pi*f*t) , where t is a vector with increment dt = 0.001. To simulate the discrete signal, use the textual statement xd=sin(2*pi*f*n) , where n is a vector with increment dn. The ratio dn/dt indicates the number of samples skipped during the sampling process. Again, the ratio of analog frequency to sampling frequency is known as digital or normalized frequency. To convert the discrete signal into a digital one, perform quantization using the LabVIEW MathScript function round . Set the number of quantization levels as a control.

To reconstruct the analog signal from the digital one, use a linear interpolation technique via the LabVIEW MathScript function interp 1 . The samples skipped during the sampling process can be recovered after the interpolation. Finally, display the Original signal and the Reconstructed signal in the same graph using the functions Build Waveform, Merge Signal and Waveform Graph. Discrete waveform, Digital waveform, Analog frequency, Digital frequency and Number of samples skipped in ADC are also included in the front panel, shown in [link] . Use this VI to examine proper signal sampling and reconstruction.

## Analog and digital frequency

Digital frequency ( $\theta$ ) is related to analog frequency ( $f$ ) via the sampling frequency, that is, $\theta =\frac{2\pi f}{{f}_{s}}$ . Therefore, one can choose the sampling frequency ( ${f}_{s}$ ) to increase the digital or normalized frequency of an analog signal by lowering the number of samples.

## Aliasing

Set the sampling frequency to ${f}_{s}=\text{100}$ Hz and change the analog frequency of the signal. Observe the output for ${f}_{s}=\text{10}$ Hz and ${f}_{s}=\text{210}$ Hz (See [link] and [link] ). The analog signals appear entirely different in these two cases but the discrete signals are similar. For the second case, the sampling frequency is less than twice that of the analog signal frequency. This violates the Nyquist sampling rate leading to aliasing, which means one does not know from which analog signal the digital signal is created. Note the value of digital frequency is 0.1 radians for the first case and 2.1 radians for the second case. To prevent any aliasing, keep the digital frequency less than 0.5 radians.

do you think it's worthwhile in the long term to study the effects and possibilities of nanotechnology on viral treatment?
absolutely yes
Daniel
how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Abigail
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
what is nano technology
what is system testing?
preparation of nanomaterial
Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
what is system testing
what is the application of nanotechnology?
Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world
Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world
Prasenjit
how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?
Damian
silver nanoparticles could handle the job?
Damian
not now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials
Azam
Hello
Uday
I'm interested in Nanotube
Uday
this technology will not going on for the long time , so I'm thinking about femtotechnology 10^-15
Prasenjit
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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Good
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