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1. (a + b) (a – b) = a 2 – ab + ab – b 2 = a 2 – b 2 (vereenvoudig)

2. (a + 2) (a + 3) = a 2 + 3a + 2a + 6 = a 2 + 5a + 6

3. (a + b) (a + b) = a×a +ab + ba + b×b = a 2 + ab + ab + b 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 (vereenvoudig)

4. (a + b) (c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd (hierdie antwoord kan nie vereenvoudig word nie)

  • Die antwoord op die soort probleem in vraag 1 hierbo het die vorm van ‘n verskil van vierkante.
  • Die antwoorde op 2 en 3 is drieterme. Ons gaan nou probeer om drieterme te faktoriseer.
  • Die eerste feit om te onthou is dat nie alle drieterme gefaktoriseer kan word nie .

Werk agteruit deur probleem 2:

a 2 + 5a + 6 = a 2 + 3a + 2a + 6 = (a + 2) (a + 3).

  • So is dit duidelik waar die a 2 vandaan kom, en die 5a en die 6.

Faktoriseer nou a 2 + 7a + 12 = ( ) ( ) deur twee geskikte tweeterme in die twee paar hakies te skryf.

  • As jy die tweeterme in die hakies uitvermenigvuldig soos jy in aktiwiteit 2.2 geleer is, kan jy jou antwoord toets. Hou aan en toets telkens jou antwoorde tot jy seker is hoe om dit te doen. Doen dieselfde in die volgende oefeninge:
  • Elke drieterm het ‘n maat in die tweede kolom; soek hulle uit:

A. a 2 – 5a – 6 1. (x + 2)(x + 3)

B. a 2 – a – 6 2. (x – 2)(x + 3)

C. a 2 – 5a + 6 3. (x + 1)(x – 6)

D. a 2 + 7a + 6 4. (x – 2)(x – 3)

E. a 2 + 5a + 6 5. (x + 1)(x + 6)

F. a 2 + 5a – 6 6. (x – 1)(x + 6)

G. a 2 + a – 6 7. (x + 2)(x – 3)

H. a 2 – 7a + 6 8. (x – 1)(x – 6)

  • Faktoriseer nou die volgende drieterme op dieselfde manier. Die laaste twee is moeiliker as die eerste vier!
  1. a 2 + 3a + 2
  2. a 2 + a – 12
  3. a 2 – 4a + 3
  4. a 2 – 9a + 20
  5. a 2 + ab – 12b 2
  6. 2a 2 – 18a + 40

Aktiwiteit 4

Om faktorisering te gebruik in die vereenvoudiging van breuke, en in die optelling, vermenigvuldiging en deling van breuke

[lu 1.2, 1.6, 2.9]

A. Vereenvoudiging van algebraïese breuke

Twee van die volgende vier breuke kan vereenvoudig word, en twee nie. Watter twee kan?

2 + a 2 a size 12{ { {2+a} over {2 - a} } } {}

3 a + b a + b size 12{ { {3 left (a+b right )} over {a+b} } } {}

4 + x x + 4 size 12{ { {4+x} over {x+4} } } {}

a b c 2 b + c size 12{ { {a left (b - c right )} over {2 left (b+c right )} } } {}

Jy het seker nou al agtergekom dat dit baie moeite is om te faktoriseer. Hoekom doen ons dit?

  • Hierdie breuk kan nie vereenvoudig word soos dit staan nie: 6a 2 b 6b 2a 2 size 12{ { {6a rSup { size 8{2} } b - 6b} over {2a - 2} } } {} . Dis omdat ons nie terme mag kanselleer nie. As ons die som uitdrukkings na produk uitdrukkings kan verander (deur faktorisering) sal ons die faktore kan kanselleer, en sodoende klaar kan vereenvoudig.

6a 2 b – 6b = 6b(a 2 – 1) = 6b (a + 1) (a – 1) en 2a – 2 = 2(a – 1)

  • Dus is die motivering vir faktorisering die behoefte aan vereenvoudiging.

Dus: 6a 2 b 6b 2a 2 size 12{ { {6a rSup { size 8{2} } b - 6b} over {2a - 2} } } {} = 6b a + 1 a 1 2 a 1 size 12{ { {6b left (a+1 right ) left (a - 1 right )} over {2 left (a - 1 right )} } } {} = 3b a + 1 1 size 12{ { {3b left (a+1 right )} over {1} } } {} = 3b(a + 1) .

Dit is baie belangrik om volledig te faktoriseer.

Oefening:

Faktoriseer beide teller en noemer, en vereenvoudig:

1 12 a + 6b 2a + b size 12{ { {"12"a+6b} over {2a+b} } } {}

2 x 2 9 x + 3 size 12{ { {x rSup { size 8{2} } - 9} over {x+3} } } {}

3 2 a + 1 a 1 6 a + 1 2 size 12{ { {2 left (a+1 right ) left (a - 1 right )} over {6 left (a+1 right ) rSup { size 8{2} } } } } {}

4 5a 2 5 5a + 5 size 12{ { {5a rSup { size 8{2} } - 5} over {5a+5} } } {}

B. Vermenigvuldiging en deling van breuke

  • Die gewone reëls om breuke te vermenigvuldig en te deel bly steeds van toepassing. Bestudeer die volgende voorbeelde – let veral op na die faktorisering en kansellering.

4x 3 y 6y 2 ÷ xy 3x 2 × 2 xy 2 3x size 12{ { {4x rSup { size 8{3} } y} over {6y rSup { size 8{2} } } } div { { ital "xy"} over {3x rSup { size 8{2} } } } times { {2 ital "xy" rSup { size 8{2} } } over {3x} } } {} = 4x 3 y 6y 2 × 3x 2 xy × 2 xy 2 3x size 12{ { {4x rSup { size 8{3} } y} over {6y rSup { size 8{2} } } } times { {3x rSup { size 8{2} } } over { ital "xy"} } times { {2 ital "xy" rSup { size 8{2} } } over {3x} } } {} = 4x 4 3 size 12{ { {4x rSup { size 8{4} } } over {3} } } {}

a 2 9 2 × 1 4a 2 12 a size 12{ { {a rSup { size 8{2} } - 9} over {2} } times { {1} over {4a rSup { size 8{2} } - "12"a} } } {} = a + 3 a 3 2 × 1 4a a 3 size 12{ { { left (a+3 right ) left (a - 3 right )} over {2} } times { {1} over {4a left (a - 3 right )} } } {} = a + 3 8a size 12{ { { left (a+3 right )} over {8a} } } {}

3a + 6 5 ÷ a 2 4 10 size 12{ { {3a+6} over {5} } div { {a rSup { size 8{2} } - 4} over {"10"} } } {} = 3a + 6 5 × 10 a 2 4 size 12{ { {3a+6} over {5} } times { {"10"} over {a rSup { size 8{2} } - 4} } } {} = 3 a + 2 5 × 10 a + 2 a 2 size 12{ { {3 left (a+2 right )} over {5} } times { {"10"} over { left (a+2 right ) left (a - 2 right )} } } {} = 6 a 2 size 12{ { {6} over {a - 2} } } {}

Oefening:

Vereenvoudig:

1. 2 ab 2 b 3 c × 9 ac 2 4b ÷ 3 ac 2b 2 size 12{ { {2 ital "ab" rSup { size 8{2} } } over {b rSup { size 8{3} } c} } times { {9 ital "ac" rSup { size 8{2} } } over {4b} } div { {3 ital "ac"} over {2b rSup { size 8{2} } } } } {}

2. 2 a + 1 a 2 2 a 2 3 a + 3 × 9 a + 1 a + 3 2 4 a 2 ÷ 3 a + 1 a + 3 2 a 2 2 size 12{ { {2 left (a+1 right ) left (a - 2 right ) rSup { size 8{2} } } over { left (a - 2 right ) rSup { size 8{3} } left (a+3 right )} } times { {9 left (a+1 right ) left (a+3 right ) rSup { size 8{2} } } over {4 left (a - 2 right )} } div { {3 left (a+1 right ) left (a+3 right )} over {2 left (a - 2 right ) rSup { size 8{2} } } } } {}

3. 4a 2 + 8a 2b + 4 × 3 b 2 + 2 3a 2 + 6a size 12{ { {4a rSup { size 8{2} } +8a} over {2b+4} } times { {3 left (b rSup { size 8{2} } +2 right )} over {3a rSup { size 8{2} } +6a} } } {}

4. x 2 1 5x 5 ÷ x + 1 2 15 x + 15 size 12{ { {x rSup { size 8{2} } - 1} over {5x - 5} } div { { left (x+1 right ) rSup { size 8{2} } } over {"15"x+"15"} } } {}

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Source:  OpenStax, Wiskunde graad 9. OpenStax CNX. Sep 14, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11055/1.1
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