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Inleiding

Jy het reeds gesien dat baie ink en papier nodig sou wees om repeterende desimale getalle neer te skryf. Dis nie net onmoontlik om hierdie getalle neer te skryf nie, maar om énige getal tot baie desimale plekke of met hoë akkuraatheid neer te skryf, is gewoonlik onprakties. Daarom benader ons dikwels 'n getal tot 'n sekere aantal desimale plekke of, selfs beter, tot 'n sekere aantal beduidende syfers .

Irrasionale getalle

Irrasionale getalle is getalle wat nie as 'n breuk met 'n heeltallige teller en noemer geskryf kan word nie. Dit beteken dat enige getal wat nóg 'n eindige nóg 'n herhalende desimale getal is, irrasionaal is. Voorbeelde van irrasionale getalle is:

2 , 3 , 4 3 , π , 1 + 5 2 1 , 618 033 989
Wanneer irrasionale getalle in desimaalnotasie geskryf word, het hulle 'n oneindige aantal desimale syfers wat nooit herhaal nie.

As jy gevra word om uit te werk of 'n getal rasionaal of irrasionaal is, skryf eers die getal in desimaalnotasie. As die desimaal eindig, is die getal rasionaal. As dit vir ewig aanhou, soek vir 'n herhalende syferpatroon. As daar geen patroon is nie, is die getal irrasionaal.

As jy 'n irrasionale getal in desimaalnotasie skryf, kan jy (as jy baie tyd en papier het!) aanhou skryf vir baie, baie syfers. Dit is egter ongeriefliek en 'n mens rond gewoonlik af.

Ondersoek: irrasionale getalle

Watter van die volgende getalle is irrasionaal?

Onthou : 'n Rasionale getal is 'n breuk met 'n heeltallige teller en noemer. Eindige en herhalende desimale getalle is rasionaal.

  1. π = 3 , 14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510 ...
  2. 1,4
  3. 1 , 618 033 989 ...
  4. 100

Afronding

Afronding van 'n desimale getal tot 'n sekere aantal desimale plekke is 'n eenvoudige manier om die benaderde waarde van 'n desimale getal te vind. As jy byvoorbeeld 2 , 6525272 wil afrond tot drie desimale plekke, tel jy drie plekke na die desimale komma af en plaas 'n | tussen die derde en die vierde syfer na die desimale komma.

2 , 652 | 5272

Nadat jy vasgestel het of die syfer in die derde desimale plek na bo of na onder afgerond moet word, word al die syfers aan die regterkant van die | geïgnoreer. Jy rond die finale syfer na bo af as die eerste syfer ná die | groter of gelyk is aan 5, andersins rond jy na onder af (los die syfer onveranderd). Wanneer die eerste syfer links van die | 'n 9 is en jy moet boontoe afrond, dan word die 9 'n 0 en die tweede syfer links van die | word boontoe afgerond.

Dus, aangesien die eerste syfer na die | 'n 5 is, moet ons afrond na bo en die derde desimaal na die komma word 3. Die antwoord is dus

2 , 653

Rond die volgende getalle af:

  1. 120 99 = 1 , 212121212 1 ˙ 2 ˙ tot 3 desimale plekke
  2. π = 3 , 141592654 ... tot 4 desimale plekke
  3. 3 = 1 , 7320508 ... tot 4 desimale plekke
  4. 2,78974526 ... tot 3 desimale plekke
    1. 120 99 = 1 , 212 | 121212 1 ˙ 2 ˙
    2. π = 3 , 1415 | 92654 ...
    3. 3 = 1 , 7320 | 508 ...
    4. 2,789 | 74526 ...
    1. Die laast syfer van 120 99 = 1 , 212 | 121212 1 ˙ 2 ˙ moet na onder afgerond word.
    2. Die laaste syfer van π = 3 , 1415 | 92654 ... moet na bo afgerond word.
    3. Die laaste syfer van 3 = 1 , 7320 | 508 ... moet na bo afgerond word.
    4. Die laaste syfer van 2,789 | 74526 ... moet na bo afgerond word. Aangesien dit 'n 9 is, vervang ons die 9 met 'n 0 en rond die tweede laaste syfer boontoe af.
    1. 120 99 = 1 , 212 afgerond tot 3 desimale plekke
    2. π = 3 , 1416 afgerond tot 4 desimale plekke
    3. 3 = 1 , 7321 afgerond tot 4 desimale plekke
    4. 2,790

Hoofstukoefeninge

  1. Skryf die volgende rasionale getalle tot 2 desimale plekke:
    1. 1 2
    2. 1
    3. 0 , 11111 1 ¯
    4. 0 , 99999 1 ¯
  2. Skryf die volgende irrasionale getalle tot 2 desimale plekke:
    1. 3 , 141592654 ...
    2. 1 , 618 033 989 ...
    3. 1 , 41421356 ...
    4. 2 , 71828182845904523536 ...
  3. Gebruik jou sakrekenaar om die volgende irrasionale getalle tot 3 desimale plekke te skryf:
    1. 2
    2. 3
    3. 5
    4. 6
  4. Gebruik jou sakrekenaar (waar nodig) om die volgende getalle tot 5 desimale plekke te skryf en dui aan of die getal rasionaal of irrasionaal is:
    1. 8
    2. 768
    3. 100
    4. 0 , 49
    5. 0 , 0016
    6. 0 , 25
    7. 36
    8. 1960
    9. 0 , 0036
    10. - 8 0 , 04
    11. 5 80
  5. Skryf die volgende irrasionale getalle tot 3 desimale plekke, en skryf die afgeronde getal dan as 'n rasionale breuk om 'n benadering tot die irrasionale getal te verkry. Byvoorbeeld, 3 = 1 , 73205 ... . Tot 3 desimale plekke, 3 = 1 , 732 . 1 , 732 = 1 732 1000 = 1 183 250 . Dus is 3 ongeveer 1 183 250 .
    1. 3 , 141592654 ...
    2. 1 , 618 033 989 ...
    3. 1 , 41421356 ...
    4. 2 , 71828182845904523536 ...

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Source:  OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: wiskunde (graad 10) [caps]. OpenStax CNX. Aug 04, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11328/1.4
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