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This book is derived from three OpenStax resources: Biology, Concepts of Biology, and Anatomy and Physiology. It has been extensively edited so that the chapter order and content is appropriate for a non-majors human biology course.

Welcome to Human Biology , a textbook created utilizing OpenStax resources. This textbook has been created with several goals in mind: accessibility, customization, and student engagement—all while encouraging students toward high levels of academic scholarship. Students will find that this textbook offers a strong introduction to human biology in an accessible format.

About openstax college

OpenStax College is a non-profit organization committed to improving student access to quality learning materials. Their free textbooks are developed and peer-reviewed by educators to ensure they are readable, accurate, and meet the scope and sequence requirements of today’s college courses. Unlike traditional textbooks, OpenStax College resources live online and are owned by the community of educators using them. Through partnerships with companies and foundations committed to reducing costs for students, OpenStax College is working to improve access to higher education for all. OpenStax College is an initiative of Rice University and is made possible through the generous support of several philanthropic foundations.

About openstax college's resources

OpenStax College resources provide quality academic instruction. Three key features set our materials apart from others: they can be customized by instructors for each class, they are a “living” resource that grows online through contributions from science educators, and they are available free or for minimal cost. The materials for this book were compiled and customized by Willy Cushwa, with valuable editorial assistance provided by Jamey Marsh. Please send any content suggestions and/or corrections to Willy Cushwa at wcushwa@clark.edu.

To broaden access and encourage community curation, our text books are “open source” licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license. The scientific community is invited to submit examples, emerging research, and other feedback to enhance and strengthen the material and keep it current and relevant for today’s students. Submit your suggestions to info@openstaxcollege.org, and check in on edition status, alternate versions, errata, and news on the StaxDash at http://openstaxcollege.org.

Cost

Our textbooks are available for free online, and in low-cost print and e-book editions.

About our team

Concepts of Biology would not be possible if not for the tremendous contributions of the authors and community reviewing team

Senior contributors

Samantha Fowler Clayton State University
Rebecca Roush Sandhills Community College
James Wise Hampton University

Faculty contributors and reviewers

Mark Belk Brigham Young University
Lisa Boggs Southwestern Oklahoma State University
Sherryl Broverman Duke University
David Byres Florida State College at Jacksonville
Aaron Cassill The University of Texas at San Antonio
Karen Champ College of Central Florida
Sue Chaplin University of St. Thomas
Diane Day Clayton State University
Jean DeSaix University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
David Hunnicutt St. Norbert College
Barbara Kuehner Hawaii Community College
Brenda Leady University of Toledo
Bernie Marcus Genesee Community College
Flora Mhlanga Lipscomb University
Madeline Mignone Dominican College
Elizabeth Nash Long Beach City College
Mark Newton San Jose City College
Diana Oliveras University of Colorado Boulder
Ann Paterson Williams Baptist College
Joel Piperberg Millersville University
Nick Reeves Mt. San Jacinto College
Ann Reisenauer San Jose State University
Lynn Rumfelt Gordon College
Michael Rutledge Middle Tennessee State University
Edward Saiff Ramapo College of New Jersey
Brian Shmaefsky Kingwood College
Gary Shultz Marshall University
Donald Slish SUNY Plattsburgh
Anh-Hue Tu Georgia Southwestern State University
Elena Zoubina Bridgewater State University

Questions & Answers

how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:  OpenStax, Human biology. OpenStax CNX. Dec 01, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11903/1.3
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