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the logical evaluation of usefulness, and

procedures for collecting qualitative and quantitative evidence during the administration stage.

(Bachman&Palmer, 1996, p.133-134)

(6) Identification of resources and development of a plan for their allocation and management. The resources refer to the people, material and time involved in test development. The balance between the resources available and required for test development should be taken into account in order to provide a good plan for how to allocate and manage them.

2.3.2 operationalization stage

The Operationalization stage need to be closely examined with the purpose of helping the concerned staff of TNU to equip themselves with a thorough understanding of the stage and then to gradually improve their practices of oral testing.

As mentioned above, this stage focuses on the structure of a test – the blueprint involving the number of test tasks/parts and specifications of each test task.

Test task specifications are described as follows:

1. The purpose of the test task.

2. The definition of the construct to be measured.

3. The characteristics of the setting of the test task

4. Time allotment.

5. Instructions for responding to the task.

6. Characteristics of input, response, and relationship between input and response.

7. Scoring method.

(Bachman&Palmer, 1996, p.172-173)

These test task specifications can be interpreted in the context of oral testing as:

  1. The purpose of the test task.
  2. Specified components of oral ability to be tested.
  3. The place where the task or language act occurs.
  4. Expected duration of task performance.
  5. Specified and understandable instructions.
  6. Areas of linguistic, pragmatic and topical knowledge adequate.
  7. Marking key

In order to well operationalize or produce test task specifications, test writers should make informed judgements of major considerations in oral test operationalization reviewed in detail in Section 2.4

2.3.3 administration stage

The administration of a test mainly involves three activities such as giving the test to a particular group of test takers, gathering test results and analyzing the results (Bachman&Palmer, 1996, p. 91). In particular, procedures for administering a test include preparing the testing environment, communicating the instructions, maintaining a supportive test taking environment, and collecting the test papers. These all aim at ‘guiding test takers through the process of taking the test in accordance with the procedures specified in the test blueprint.’

2.4 major considerations in operationalization of speaking tests

The communicative approach is considered as one of the most adequate way to measure learners’ oral language ability. In order to successfully apply this assessment approach, oral test tasks intended for specific tests must be designed in terms of difficulty degree or communicative stress fitting test takers’ language proficiency level. Operationalizing a speaking test that fits the test takers’ level of language proficiency, test writers or teachers must (1) know the exact level of the test takers, then (2) choose suitable oral test types or elicitation techniques for test tasks, and finally (3) design the method of marking each task. The following three sub-sections discuss these factors, which should be taken into sound consideration during the operationalization of speaking tests.

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
Aislinn Reply
cm
tijani
what is titration
John Reply
what is physics
Siyaka Reply
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Jude Reply
Can you compute that for me. Ty
Jude
what is the dimension formula of energy?
David Reply
what is viscosity?
David
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emma Reply
what is chemistry
Youesf Reply
what is inorganic
emma
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
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Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
Sahid Reply
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
Ryan
what's motion
Maurice Reply
what are the types of wave
Maurice
answer
Magreth
progressive wave
Magreth
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Muhammad Reply
fine, how about you?
Mohammed
hi
Mujahid
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
yasuo Reply
Who can show me the full solution in this problem?
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Source:  OpenStax, Collection. OpenStax CNX. Dec 22, 2010 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11259/1.7
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