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En sådan grammatik, som definerer hvilke tags der må forekomme, hvor mange gange og i hvilken rækkefølge, kaldes her og i tilhørende moduler også for en informationsmodel Begrebet informationsmodel bruges her om den konceptuelle pendant til det som med en teknisk term i XML betegnes som en DTD: Document Type Definition. I modul 3 gennemgåes dette nærmere. . Den særlige syntaks som gælder for opbygning af informationsstrukturerne i et XML-dokument vil blive gennemgået i det følgende. Ønsker man at studere dette emne i en original version, anbefales det at starte på www.w3.org .

2. opmærkning med xml

2.1 forlægget

Det er som det første vigtig at være opmærksom på, at man ikke skal skrive sine XML-dokumenter i et tekstbehandlingsprogram. Et sådant program indsætter koder overalt i dokumentet, for linieskift, indrykning af afsnit og andet tilsvarende, og den XML-processor som skal tage hånd om dokumentet vil ikke acceptere disse koder. Det vil give en masse fejlmeddelelser. Brug derfor enten en almindelig teksteditor som for eksempel Notepad, eller find en XML-editor på nettet Opmærkninger vist i dette og de øvrige moduler er foretaget ved hjælp af den særlige XML-editor Altova XMLSpy. .

Udgangspunkt for gennemgangen af de basale byggeklodser i XML er følgende bogtitel fundet i Gentofte Kommunes online-katalog og her præsenteret i let bearbejdet version:

Roman Anne Marie LønSekstetten [Kbh.]: Gyldendal, 2008. - 550 sider ISBN 978-87-02-07227-3 : hf. : kr. 299,00.ISBN 978-87-02-07365-2 : ib. : kr. 349,00.

Skal denne information omsættes til et XML-dokument, kunne resultatet være som

vist nedenfor:

1:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

2:<bog>

3:<forfatter>

4:<fornavn>Anne Marie</fornavn>

5: <efternavn>Løn</efternavn>

6:</forfatter>

7:<titel>Sekstetten</titel>

8:<forlag sted="København">Gyldendal</forlag>

9:<udg>2008</udg>

10<sidetal>550</sidetal>

11:<ISBN>

12:<heftet pris=" 299,00">978-87-02-07227-3</ heftet>

13:<indbundet pris="349,00">978-87-02-07365-2</ indbundet>

14:</ISBN>

15:<genre>roman</genre>

16:</bog>

fig. 2: sekstetten.xml

2.2 xml – sproget

Et XML-dokument består af en prolog og et antal elementer . I en prolog placerer man alle de instrukser som specificerer hvordan dokumentet skal behandles, for eksempel en grammatik for dokumentet. Her angiver man også om for eksempel et style-sheet skal inddrages i den aktuelle kørsel. Prologen er altid det første man møder i et XML-dokument.

2.2.1 Prologen

Som det allerførste i linie 1 i sekstetten.xml er der i prologen placeret en såkaldt deklaration :

1:<?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8” ?>

Her defineres at der er tale om XML og at der anvendes version nummer 1.0. Endvidere defineres et tegnsæt og dermed mængden af tegn som processoren kan genkende UTF-8 = USC Transformation Format (Unicode Standard Characters) for 8 bit . I denne mængde indgår blandt andet de danske tegn æ, ø, å og det gør dermed tilværelsen lettere for alle dansktalende brugere af XML.

Anvendelsen og placeringen af spørgsmålstegn definerer en såkaldt processing instruction (PI), det vil sige at alle informationer her er systemorienterede, at de ikke indgår i selve XML-dokumentet og derfor ikke skal godkendes som velformede af XML-processoren.

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Source:  OpenStax, Xml og xslt - en introduktion. OpenStax CNX. Mar 03, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10642/1.2
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