# 7.1 Ionic bonding  (Page 2/5)

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As all substances must be electrically neutral, the total number of positive charges on the cations of an ionic compound must equal the total number of negative charges on its anions. The formula of an ionic compound represents the simplest ratio of the numbers of ions necessary to give identical numbers of positive and negative charges. For example, the formula for aluminum oxide, Al 2 O 3 , indicates that this ionic compound contains two aluminum cations, Al 3+ , for every three oxide anions, O 2− [thus, (2 $×$ +3) + (3 $×$ –2) = 0].

It is important to note, however, that the formula for an ionic compound does not represent the physical arrangement of its ions. It is incorrect to refer to a sodium chloride (NaCl) “molecule” because there is not a single ionic bond, per se, between any specific pair of sodium and chloride ions. The attractive forces between ions are isotropic—the same in all directions—meaning that any particular ion is equally attracted to all of the nearby ions of opposite charge. This results in the ions arranging themselves into a tightly bound, three-dimensional lattice structure. Sodium chloride, for example, consists of a regular arrangement of equal numbers of Na + cations and Cl anions ( [link] ).

The strong electrostatic attraction between Na + and Cl ions holds them tightly together in solid NaCl. It requires 769 kJ of energy to dissociate one mole of solid NaCl into separate gaseous Na + and Cl ions:

$\text{NaCl}\left(s\right)\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}⟶\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{Na}}^{\text{+}}\left(g\right)+{\text{Cl}}^{\text{–}}\left(g\right)\phantom{\rule{3em}{0ex}}\text{Δ}H=769\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{kJ}$

## Electronic structures of cations

When forming a cation, an atom of a main group element tends to lose all of its valence electrons, thus assuming the electronic structure of the noble gas that precedes it in the periodic table. For groups 1 (the alkali metals) and 2 (the alkaline earth metals), the group numbers are equal to the numbers of valence shell electrons and, consequently, to the charges of the cations formed from atoms of these elements when all valence shell electrons are removed. For example, calcium is a group 2 element whose neutral atoms have 20 electrons and a ground state electron configuration of 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 4 s 2 . When a Ca atom loses both of its valence electrons, the result is a cation with 18 electrons, a 2+ charge, and an electron configuration of 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3 s 2 3 p 6 . The Ca 2+ ion is therefore isoelectronic with the noble gas Ar.

For groups 12–17, the group numbers exceed the number of valence electrons by 10 (accounting for the possibility of full d subshells in atoms of elements in the fourth and greater periods). Thus, the charge of a cation formed by the loss of all valence electrons is equal to the group number minus 10. For example, aluminum (in group 13) forms 3+ ions (Al 3+ ).

explain law of definite proportion
yes same idea
DEMGUE
wat?
what's kinetic energy
what is anion?
an anion is a positively charge ion
Thnkz
Hussniz
an anion is a negatively charged ion
Johnson
And anion is a negatively charged ion which move towards the anode which is positively charged.
Ngwesse
what is matter
what is pressure
Henry
what is water?
hydrogen gas burned into oxygen gas which forms a polar molecule, has a defenate shape volume but not shape. at 20 degrees Celsius exists as an aqueous solution. Is a solvent that dissolves many solutes into solution. And can act as an acid or a base.
David
HOW CAN ETHANOL BE PREPARED FORM CASSAVA.... (WITH EQUATION)
by mixing
Henry
it is less dense than water
can cooking gas be durable in gallon. ..
mowete
no
PRINCESS
reason pls
mowete
What is happening
Why does ice float on water?
Ngwesse
it is less denser than water
and why does a boat don't sink in water
DEMGUE
because the boat has a large surface area and the water surface contains molecules that are attracted together by a weak force of attraction
Maxime
brief the water surface has a wall
Maxime
As it cools, olive oil slowly soldifies and froms a solid over a range of temperatures. Which best describes the solid?
definition of a sample
a small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like
Abdull
What does kj stand for ? or just k. example - 371K
kilojoules or Kelvin
Annie
what is atom
atom is anything that has weight and can occupy space
Neutons
atom is the smallest particle of an element that can neitherbe divided nor destroyed
clin
atom is the smallest indivisible particle of an element.
Igbayima
atom is the smallest particle of an element that can neither be created,subdivided or destroyed
Gbolahan
All wrong
Do you know that atoms can further be devided
Go and read 📘 up Dalton atomic theory and who disproved.. Read 📘 up atomic theory
an atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction
Anyebem
good@anyebem
Henry
what is anion?
Hussniz
what is a structure of atomic
WATS atomic structure?
mowete
what is the meaning of intermolecular force
is the force of attraction that exist between two or more molecules
Johnson
What is a primary standard solution ?
Duval
a known solution
Fiko
Characteristic of a primary standard solution
Duval
pauli's exclusion is based on what?
quantum theory
Charles