# 5.4 Integration formulas and the net change theorem  (Page 4/8)

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## Integrating an odd function

Evaluate the definite integral of the odd function $-5\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}x$ over the interval $\left[\text{−}\pi ,\pi \right].$

The graph is shown in [link] . We can see the symmetry about the origin by the positive area above the x -axis over $\left[\text{−}\pi ,0\right],$ and the negative area below the x -axis over $\left[0,\pi \right].$ We have

$\begin{array}{ll}{\int }_{\text{−}\pi }^{\pi }-5\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}xdx\hfill & =-5\left(\text{−}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}x\right){|}_{\text{−}\pi }^{\pi }\hfill \\ \\ \\ & =5\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}x{|}_{\text{−}\pi }^{\pi }\hfill \\ & =\left[5\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\pi \right]-\left[5\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\left(\text{−}\pi \right)\right]\hfill \\ & =-5-\left(-5\right)\hfill \\ & =0.\hfill \end{array}$

Integrate the function ${\int }_{-2}^{2}{x}^{4}dx.$

$\frac{64}{5}$

## Key concepts

• The net change theorem states that when a quantity changes, the final value equals the initial value plus the integral of the rate of change. Net change can be a positive number, a negative number, or zero.
• The area under an even function over a symmetric interval can be calculated by doubling the area over the positive x -axis. For an odd function, the integral over a symmetric interval equals zero, because half the area is negative.

## Key equations

• Net Change Theorem
$F\left(b\right)=F\left(a\right)+{\int }_{a}^{b}F\text{'}\left(x\right)dx$ or ${\int }_{a}^{b}F\text{'}\left(x\right)dx=F\left(b\right)-F\left(a\right)$

Use basic integration formulas to compute the following antiderivatives.

$\int \left(\sqrt{x}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\right)dx$

$\int \left(\sqrt{x}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{x}}\right)dx=\int {x}^{1\text{/}2}dx-\int {x}^{-1\text{/}2}dx=\frac{2}{3}{x}^{3\text{/}2}+{C}_{1}-2{x}^{1\text{/}2}+{C}_{2}=\frac{2}{3}{x}^{3\text{/}2}-2{x}^{1\text{/}2}+C$

$\int \left({e}^{2x}-\frac{1}{2}{e}^{x\text{/}2}\right)dx$

$\int \frac{dx}{2x}$

$\int \frac{dx}{2x}=\frac{1}{2}\text{ln}|x|+C$

$\int \frac{x-1}{{x}^{2}}dx$

${\int }_{0}^{\pi }\left(\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}x-\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}x\right)dx$

${\int }_{0}^{\pi }\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}xdx-{\int }_{0}^{\pi }\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}xdx=\text{−}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}x{|}_{0}^{\pi }-\left(\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}x\right){|}_{0}^{\pi }=\left(\text{−}\left(-1\right)+1\right)-\left(0-0\right)=2$

${\int }_{0}^{\pi \text{/}2}\left(x-\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}x\right)dx$

Write an integral that expresses the increase in the perimeter $P\left(s\right)$ of a square when its side length s increases from 2 units to 4 units and evaluate the integral.

$P\left(s\right)=4s,$ so $\frac{dP}{ds}=4$ and ${\int }_{2}^{4}4ds=8.$

Write an integral that quantifies the change in the area $A\left(s\right)={s}^{2}$ of a square when the side length doubles from S units to 2 S units and evaluate the integral.

A regular N -gon (an N -sided polygon with sides that have equal length s , such as a pentagon or hexagon) has perimeter Ns . Write an integral that expresses the increase in perimeter of a regular N -gon when the length of each side increases from 1 unit to 2 units and evaluate the integral.

${\int }_{1}^{2}Nds=N$

The area of a regular pentagon with side length $a>0$ is pa 2 with $p=\frac{1}{4}\sqrt{5+\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{5}}}.$ The Pentagon in Washington, DC, has inner sides of length 360 ft and outer sides of length 920 ft. Write an integral to express the area of the roof of the Pentagon according to these dimensions and evaluate this area.

A dodecahedron is a Platonic solid with a surface that consists of 12 pentagons, each of equal area. By how much does the surface area of a dodecahedron increase as the side length of each pentagon doubles from 1 unit to 2 units?

With p as in the previous exercise, each of the 12 pentagons increases in area from 2 p to 4 p units so the net increase in the area of the dodecahedron is 36 p units.

An icosahedron is a Platonic solid with a surface that consists of 20 equilateral triangles. By how much does the surface area of an icosahedron increase as the side length of each triangle doubles from a unit to 2 a units?

Write an integral that quantifies the change in the area of the surface of a cube when its side length doubles from s unit to 2 s units and evaluate the integral.

$18{s}^{2}=6{\int }_{s}^{2s}2xdx$

Write an integral that quantifies the increase in the volume of a cube when the side length doubles from s unit to 2 s units and evaluate the integral.

what is f(x)
the function at x
Marc
also known as the y value so I could say y=2x or f(x)= 2x same thing just using functional notation your next question is what is dependent and independent variables. I am Dyslexic but know math and which is which confuses me. but one can vary the x value while y depends on which x you use. also
Marc
up domain and range
Marc
enjoy your work and good luck
Marc
I actually wanted to ask another questions on sets if u dont mind please?
Inembo
I have so many questions on set and I really love dis app I never believed u would reply
Inembo
Hmm go ahead and ask you got me curious too much conversation here
am sorry for disturbing I really want to know math that's why *I want to know the meaning of those symbols in sets* e.g n,U,A', etc pls I want to know it and how to solve its problems
Inembo
and how can i solve a question like dis *in a group of 40 students, 32 offer maths and 24 offer physics and 4 offer neither maths nor physics , how many offer both maths and physics*
Inembo
next questions what do dy mean by (A' n B^c)^c'
Inembo
The sets help you to define the function. The function is like a magic box where you put inside stuff(numbers or sets) and you get out the stuff but in different shapes (forms).
I dont understand what you wanna say by (A' n B^c)^c'
(A' n B (rise to the power of c)) all rise to the power of c
Inembo
Aaaahh
Ok so the set is formed by vectors and not numbers
A vector of length n
But you can make a set out of matrixes as well
I I don't even understand sets I wat to know d meaning of all d symbolsnon sets
Inembo
High-school?
yes
Inembo
am having big problem understanding sets more than other math topics
Inembo
So f:R->R means that the function takes real numbers and provides real numer. For ex. If f(x) =2x this means if you give to your function a real number like 2,it gives you also a real number 2times2=4
pls answer this question *in a group of 40 students, 32 offer maths and 24 offer physics and 4 offer neither maths nor physics , how many offer both maths and physics*
Inembo
If you have f:R^n->R^n you give to your function a vector of length n like (a1,a2,...an) where all a1,.. an are reals and gives you also a vector of length n... I don't know if i answering your question. Otherwise on YouTube you havr many videos where they explain it in a simple way
I would say 24
Offer both
Sorry 20
Actually you have 40 - 4 =36 who offer maths or physics or both.
I know its 20 but how to prove it
Inembo
You have 32+24=56who offer courses
56-36=20 who give both courses... I would say that
solution: In a question involving sets and Venn diagram, the sum of the members of set A + set B - the joint members of both set A and B + the members that are not in sets A or B = the total members of the set. In symbolic form n(A U B) = n(A) + n (B) - n (A and B) + n (A U B)'.
Mckenzie
In the case of sets A and B use the letters m and p to represent the sets and we have: n (M U P) = 40; n (M) = 24; n (P) = 32; n (M and P) = unknown; n (M U P)' = 4
Mckenzie
Now substitute the numerical values for the symbolic representation 40 = 24 + 32 - n(M and P) + 4 Now solve for the unknown using algebra: 40 = 24 + 32+ 4 - n(M and P) 40 = 60 - n(M and P) Add n(M and P), as well, subtract 40 from both sides of the equation to find the answer.
Mckenzie
40 - 40 + n(M and P) = 60 - 40 - n(M and P) + n(M and P) Solution: n(M and P) = 20
Mckenzie
thanks
Inembo
Simpler form: Add the sums of set M, set P and the complement of the union of sets M and P then subtract the number of students from the total.
Mckenzie
n(M and P) = (32 + 24 + 4) - 40 = 60 - 40 = 20
Mckenzie
how do i evaluate integral of x^1/2 In x
first you simplify the given expression, which gives (x^2/2). Then you now integrate the above simplified expression which finally gives( lnx^2).
find derivative f(x)=1/x
-1/x^2, use the chain rule
Andrew
f(x)=x^3-2x
Mul
what is domin in this question
noman
What is the first fundermental theory of Calculus?
I want simple integral
for MSc chemistry... simple formulas of integration
aparna
hello?
funny
how are you
funny
I don't understand integration
aparna
r u insane
aparna
integration is so simple not typical..
funny
tell me any questions about integration then i will solve.
funny
we use integration for whole values or for sum of values any there are some basic rule for integration..
funny
I just formulas
aparna
I just want formulas of integration
aparna
value of log ax cot-x cos-x
aparna
there are many formulas about integration
funny
more then one formula are exist about integration..
funny
so I want simple formulas Because I'm studying MSc chem...Nd have done bsc from bio...
aparna
I am M.sc physics now i am studying in m.phil
funny
so what can i do
aparna
I will send you basic formula for integration after two mint first of all i write then i will send you.
funny
send me your messenger id where i can send you formulas about integration because there is no option for image sending..
funny
integration f(X) dx this is basic formula of integration sign is not there you can look integration sign in methematics form... and f(X) my be any function any values
funny
you send me your any ID where i can send you information about integration
funny
funny
Hi
RIZWAN
I don't understand the formula
who's formula
funny
What is a independent variable
a variable that does not depend on another.
Andrew
solve number one step by step
x-xcosx/sinsq.3x
Hasnain
x-xcosx/sin^23x
Hasnain
how to prove 1-sinx/cos x= cos x/-1+sin x?
1-sin x/cos x= cos x/-1+sin x
Rochel
how to prove 1-sun x/cos x= cos x / -1+sin x?
Rochel
how to prove tan^2 x=csc^2 x tan^2 x-1?
divide by tan^2 x giving 1=csc^2 x -1/tan^2 x, rewrite as: 1=1/sin^2 x -cos^2 x/sin^2 x, multiply by sin^2 x giving: sin^2 x=1-cos^2x. rewrite as the familiar sin^2 x + cos^2x=1 QED
Barnabas
how to prove sin x - sin x cos^2 x=sin^3x?
sin x - sin x cos^2 x sin x (1-cos^2 x) note the identity:sin^2 x + cos^2 x = 1 thus, sin^2 x = 1 - cos^2 x now substitute this into the above: sin x (sin^2 x), now multiply, yielding: sin^3 x Q.E.D.
Andrew
take sin x common. you are left with 1-cos^2x which is sin^2x. multiply back sinx and you get sin^3x.
navin
Left side=sinx-sinx cos^2x =sinx-sinx(1+sin^2x) =sinx-sinx+sin^3x =sin^3x thats proved.
Alif
how to prove tan^2 x/tan^2 x+1= sin^2 x
Rochel
Salim
what is function.
what is polynomial
Nawaz
an expression of more than two algebraic terms, especially the sum of several terms that contain different powers of the same variable(s).
Alif
a term/algebraic expression raised to a non-negative integer power and a multiple of co-efficient,,,,,, T^n where n is a non-negative,,,,, 4x^2
joe
An expression in which power of all the variables are whole number . such as 2x+3 5 is also a polynomial of degree 0 and can be written as 5x^0
Nawaz
what is hyperbolic function
find volume of solid about y axis and y=x^3, x=0,y=1
3 pi/5
vector
what is the power rule
Is a rule used to find a derivative. For example the derivative of y(x)= a(x)^n is y'(x)= a*n*x^n-1.
Timothy