Unit 8. ecology

OpenStax

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Ecology and the biosphere

1 The scope of ecology

1.1 Levels of ecological study

1.2 Organismal ecology

1.3 Population ecology

1.4 Community ecology

1.5 Ecosystem ecology

1.6 Section summary

2.1 Biogeography

2.2 Energy sources

2.3 Temperature

2.5 Inorganic nutrients and soil

2.6 Other aquatic factors

2.7 Other terrestrial factors

2.8 Abiotic factors influencing plant growth

2.9 Section summary

2.10 Art connections

3 Terrestrial biomes

3.1 Tropical wet forest

3.3 Subtropical deserts

3.5 Temperate grasslands

3.6 Temperate forests

3.7 Boreal forests

3.8 Arctic tundra

3.9 Section summary

3.10 Art connections

4 Aquatic biomes

4.1 Abiotic factors influencing aquatic biomes

4.2 Marine biomes

4.4 Coral reefs

4.5 Estuaries: where the ocean meets fresh water

4.6 Freshwater biomes

4.7 Lakes and ponds

4.8 Rivers and streams

4.10 Section summary

4.11 Art connections

5 Climate and the effects of global climate change

5.1 Climate and weather

5.2 Global climate change

5.3 Evidence for global climate change

5.4 Current and past drivers of global climate change

5.5 Documented results of climate change: past and present

5.6 Geological climate change

5.7 Present climate change

5.8 Section summary

Population and community ecology

1 Population demography

1.1 Population size and density

1.2 Population research methods

1.3 Species distribution

1.5 Life tables

1.6 Survivorship curves

1.7 Section summary

1.8 Art connections

2 Life histories and natural selection

2.1 Life history patterns and energy budgets

2.2 Parental care and fecundity

2.3 Early versus late reproduction

2.4 Single versus multiple reproductive events

2.5 Section summary

3 Environmental limits to population growth

3.1 Exponential growth

3.2 Logistic growth

3.3 Carrying capacity and the logistic model

3.4 Role of intraspecific competition

3.5 Examples of logistic growth

3.6 Section summary

3.7 Art connections

4 Population dynamics and regulation

4.1 Density-dependent regulation

4.2 Density-independent regulation and interaction with density-dependent

4.3 Life histories of K -selected and r -selected species

4.4 Early theories about life history: K -selected and r -selected species

4.5 Modern theories of life history

4.6 Section summary

5 Human population growth

5.1 Overcoming density-dependent regulation

5.2 Age structure, population growth, and economic development

5.3 Long-term consequences of exponential human population growth

5.4 Section summary

5.5 Art connections

6 Community ecology

6.1 Predation and herbivory

6.2 Defense mechanisms against predation and herbivory

6.3 Competitive exclusion principle

6.5 Commensalism

6.8 Characteristics of communities

6.9 Foundation species

6.10 Biodiversity, species richness, and relative species abundance

6.11 Keystone species

6.12 Community dynamics

6.13 Primary succession and pioneer species

6.14 Secondary succession

6.15 Section summary

7 Behavioral biology: proximate and ultimate causes of behavior

7.1 Innate behaviors: movement and migration

7.2 Kinesis and taxis

7.3 Fixed action patterns

7.6 Innate behaviors: living in groups

7.7 Communication within a species

7.8 Altruistic behaviors

7.9 Finding sex partners

7.10 Simple learned behaviors

7.11 Habituation

7.12 Imprinting

7.13 Conditioned behavior

7.14 Classical conditioning

7.15 Operant conditioning

7.16 Cognitive learning

7.17 Sociobiology

7.18 Section summary

1 Ecology of ecosystems

1.1 Food chains and food webs

1.2 Research into ecosystem dynamics: ecosystem experimentation and modeling

1.3 Conceptual models

1.4 Analytical and simulation models

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Art connections

2 Energy flow through ecosystems

2.1 How organisms acquire energy in a food web

2.2 Productivity within trophic levels

2.3 Ecological efficiency: the transfer of energy between trophic levels

2.4 Modeling ecosystems energy flow: ecological pyramids

2.5 Consequences of food webs: biological magnification

2.6 Section summary

2.7 Art connections

3 Biogeochemical cycles

3.1 The water (hydrologic) cycle

3.2 The carbon cycle

3.3 The biological carbon cycle

3.4 The biogeochemical carbon cycle

3.5 The nitrogen cycle

3.6 The phosphorus cycle

3.7 The sulfur cycle

3.8 Section summary

3.9 Art connections

Conservation biology and biodiversity

1 The biodiversity crisis

1.1 Types of biodiversity

1.2 Current species diversity

1.3 Patterns of biodiversity

1.4 Conservation of biodiversity

1.5 Biodiversity change through geological time

1.6 The five mass extinctions

1.7 The pleistocene extinction

1.8 Present-time extinctions

1.9 Estimates of present-time extinction rates

1.10 Section summary

1.11 Art connections

2 The importance of biodiversity to human life

2.1 Human health

2.2 Agricultural diversity

2.3 Wild food sources

2.4 Psychological and moral value

2.5 Section summary

2.6 Art connections

3 Threats to biodiversity

3.1 Habitat loss

3.2 Overharvesting

3.3 Exotic species

3.4 Climate change

3.5 Section summary

3.6 Art connections

4 Preserving biodiversity

4.1 Measuring biodiversity

4.2 Changing human behavior

4.3 Conservation in preserves

4.4 How much area to preserve?

4.5 Preserve design

4.6 Limitations on preserves

4.7 Habitat restoration

4.8 The role of captive breeding

4.9 Section summary

4.10 Art connections

Source: OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. Feb 29, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11448/1.10

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