Biology

OpenStax

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Preface to biology

0.1 About openstax

0.2 About openstax’s resources

0.3 Customization

0.6 About biology

0.7 Coverage and scope

0.8 Pedagogical foundation and features

0.9 Art and animations that engage

0.10 About our team

0.11 Senior contributing authors

0.12 Contributing authors and reviewers

0.13 Learning resources

1 The periodic table of elements

2 Geological time

3 Measurements and the metric system

Unit 1. the chemistry of life

1 The study of life

1.1 The science of biology

1.2 Themes and concepts of biology

2 The chemical foundation of life

2.1 Atoms, isotopes, ions, and molecules: the building blocks

3 Biological macromolecules

3.1 Synthesis of biological macromolecules

3.2 Carbohydrates

3.5 Nucleic acids

Unit 2. the cell

4 Cell structure

4.1 Studying cells

4.2 Prokaryotic cells

4.3 Eukaryotic cells

4.4 The endomembrane system and proteins

4.5 The cytoskeleton

4.6 Connections between cells and cellular activities

5 Structure and function of plasma membranes

5.1 Components and structure

5.2 Passive transport

5.3 Active transport

5.4 Bulk transport

6.1 Energy and metabolism

6.2 Potential, kinetic, free, and activation energy

6.3 The laws of thermodynamics

6.4 Atp: adenosine triphosphate

7 Cellular respiration

7.1 Energy in living systems

7.3 Oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle

7.4 Oxidative phosphorylation

7.5 Metabolism without oxygen

7.6 Connections of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolic pathways

7.7 Regulation of cellular respiration

8 Photosynthesis

8.1 Overview of photosynthesis

8.2 The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

8.3 Using light energy to make organic molecules

9 Cell communication

9.1 Signaling molecules and cellular receptors

9.2 Propagation of the signal

9.3 Response to the signal

9.4 Signaling in single-celled organisms

10 Cell reproduction

10.1 Cell division

10.2 The cell cycle

10.3 Control of the cell cycle

10.4 Cancer and the cell cycle

10.5 Prokaryotic cell division

Unit 3. genetics

11 Meiosis and sexual reproduction

11.1 The process of meiosis

11.2 Sexual reproduction

12 Mendel's experiments and heredity

12.1 Mendel’s experiments and the laws of probability

12.2 Characteristics and traits

12.3 Laws of inheritance

13 Modern understandings of inheritance

13.1 Chromosomal theory and genetic linkage

13.2 Chromosomal basis of inherited disorders

14 Dna structure and function

14.1 Historical basis of modern understanding

14.2 Dna structure and sequencing

14.3 Basics of dna replication

14.4 Dna replication in prokaryotes

14.5 Dna replication in eukaryotes

14.6 Dna repair

15 Genes and proteins

15.1 The genetic code

15.2 Prokaryotic transcription

15.3 Eukaryotic transcription

15.4 Rna processing in eukaryotes

15.5 Ribosomes and protein synthesis

16 Gene expression

16.1 Regulation of gene expression

16.2 Prokaryotic gene regulation

16.3 Eukaryotic epigenetic gene regulation

16.4 Eukaryotic transcription gene regulation

16.5 Eukaryotic post-transcriptional gene regulation

16.6 Eukaryotic translational and post-translational gene regulation

16.7 Cancer and gene regulation

17 Biotechnology and genomics

17.1 Biotechnology

17.2 Mapping genomes

17.3 Whole-genome sequencing

17.4 Applying genomics

17.5 Genomics and proteomics

Unit 4. evolutionary processes

18 Evolution and the origin of species

18.1 Understanding evolution

18.2 Formation of new species

18.3 Reconnection and rates of speciation

19 The evolution of populations

19.1 Population evolution

19.2 Population genetics

19.3 Adaptive evolution

20 Phylogenies and the history of life

20.1 Organizing life on earth

20.2 Determining evolutionary relationships

20.3 Perspectives on the phylogenetic tree

Unit 5. biological diversity

21.1 Viral evolution, morphology, and classification

21.2 Virus infections and hosts

21.3 Prevention and treatment of viral infections

21.4 Other acellular entities: prions and viroids

22 Prokaryotes: bacteria and archaea

22.1 Prokaryotic diversity

22.2 Structure of prokaryotes

22.3 Prokaryotic metabolism

22.4 Bacterial diseases in humans

22.5 Beneficial prokaryotes

23.1 Eukaryotic origins

23.2 Characteristics of protists

23.3 Groups of protists

23.4 Ecology of protists

24.1 Characteristics of fungi

24.2 Classifications of fungi

24.3 Ecology of fungi

24.4 Fungal parasites and pathogens

24.5 Importance of fungi in human life

25 Seedless plants

25.1 Early plant life

25.2 Green algae: precursors of land plants

25.3 Bryophytes

25.4 Seedless vascular plants

26.1 Evolution of seed plants

26.2 Gymnosperms

26.3 Angiosperms

26.4 The role of seed plants

27 Introduction to animal diversity

27.1 Features of the animal kingdom

27.2 Features used to classify animals

27.3 Animal phylogeny

27.4 The evolutionary history of the animal kingdom

28 Invertebrates

28.1 Phylum porifera

28.2 Phylum cnidaria

28.3 Superphylum lophotrochozoa

28.4 Superphylum ecdysozoa

28.5 Superphylum deuterostomia

29.3 Amphibians

29.7 The evolution of primates

Unit 6. plant structure and function

30 Plant form and physiology

30.1 The plant body

30.5 Transport of water and solutes in plants

30.6 Plant sensory systems and responses

31 Soil and plant nutrition

31.1 Nutritional requirements of plants

31.3 Nutritional adaptations of plants

32 Plant reproduction

32.1 Reproductive development and structure

32.2 Pollination and fertilization

32.3 Asexual reproduction

Unit 7. animal structure and function

33 The animal body: basic form and function

33.1 Animal form and function

33.2 Animal primary tissues

33.3 Homeostasis

34 Animal nutrition and the digestive system

34.1 Digestive systems

34.2 Nutrition and energy production

34.3 Digestive system processes

34.4 Digestive system regulation

35 The nervous system

35.1 Neurons and glial cells

35.2 How neurons communicate

35.3 The central nervous system

35.4 The peripheral nervous system

35.5 Nervous system disorders

36 Sensory systems

36.1 Sensory processes

36.2 Somatosensation

36.3 Taste and smell

36.4 Hearing and vestibular sensation

37 The endocrine system

37.1 Types of hormones

37.2 How hormones work

37.3 Regulation of body processes

37.4 Regulation of hormone production

37.5 Endocrine glands

38 The musculoskeletal system

38.1 Types of skeletal systems

38.3 Joints and skeletal movement

38.4 Muscle contraction and locomotion

39 The respiratory system

39.1 Systems of gas exchange

39.2 Gas exchange across respiratory surfaces

39.4 Transport of gases in human bodily fluids

40 The circulatory system

40.1 Overview of the circulatory system

40.2 Components of the blood

40.3 Mammalian heart and blood vessels

40.4 Blood flow and blood pressure regulation

41 Osmotic regulation and excretion

41.1 Osmoregulation and osmotic balance

41.2 The kidneys and osmoregulatory organs

41.3 Excretion systems

41.4 Nitrogenous wastes

41.5 Hormonal control of osmoregulatory functions

42 The immune system

42.1 Innate immune response

42.2 Adaptive immune response

42.3 Antibodies

42.4 Disruptions in the immune system

43 Animal reproduction and development

43.1 Reproduction methods

43.2 Fertilization

43.3 Human reproductive anatomy and gametogenesis

43.4 Hormonal control of human reproduction

43.5 Human pregnancy and birth

43.6 Fertilization and early embryonic development

43.7 Organogenesis and vertebrate formation

Unit 8. ecology

44 Ecology and the biosphere

44.1 The scope of ecology

44.2 Biogeography

44.3 Terrestrial biomes

44.4 Aquatic biomes

44.5 Climate and the effects of global climate change

45 Population and community ecology

45.1 Population demography

45.2 Life histories and natural selection

45.3 Environmental limits to population growth

45.4 Population dynamics and regulation

45.5 Human population growth

45.6 Community ecology

45.7 Behavioral biology: proximate and ultimate causes of behavior

46.1 Ecology of ecosystems

46.2 Energy flow through ecosystems

46.3 Biogeochemical cycles

47 Conservation biology and biodiversity

47.1 The biodiversity crisis

47.2 The importance of biodiversity to human life

47.3 Threats to biodiversity

47.4 Preserving biodiversity

Source: OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. Feb 29, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11448/1.10

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